{"id":2539,"date":"2026-07-02T21:56:34","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T21:56:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/?p=2539"},"modified":"2026-08-10T17:41:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T17:41:37","slug":"visualizador-de-lesiones-por-accidentes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/es\/crash-injury-visualizer\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesiones por accidentes automovil\u00edsticos seg\u00fan la velocidad: visualizador interactivo gratuito"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/crash-injury-visualizer\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/crash-injury-visualizer\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Car Crash Injuries by Speed: Interactive Collision Physics Visualizer\",\n      \"description\": \"See how car crash injuries change with speed and collision type. 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For vehicle occupants, the risk of death rises sharply above roughly 40 mph of sudden speed change, and for pedestrians it climbs steeply past 30 mph. Restraints, airbags, and the crash type matter as much as the number on the speedometer.\" } },\n        { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you get whiplash from a low speed crash?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Research shows whiplash injuries can occur in rear end impacts at 8 mph or less, sometimes with little visible damage to either vehicle. Symptoms often appear hours or days after the crash, which is why doctors recommend getting checked even after a minor collision.\" } },\n        { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the most dangerous type of car crash?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Per crash, head on collisions and side impacts produce the highest rates of death and serious injury for vehicle occupants, because the closing speed is high or the protective structure is thin. Rollovers are rarer but carry an outsized share of fatalities, largely due to ejection.\" } },\n        { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many g's can the human body survive?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A restrained, healthy person can survive brief spikes of 40 to 60 g, and rare cases have survived far more for a few milliseconds. Injury typically begins well below that; sustained loads above about 20 to 30 g cause internal damage.\" } },\n        { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why are side impact crashes so dangerous?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the crumple zone is missing. In a frontal crash your body has several feet of collapsing metal working for it; in a T bone crash it has a door panel. That is why side curtain airbags and reinforced door beams have had such a measurable effect on survival rates.\" } },\n        { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to a pedestrian hit at 40 mph?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"At around 40 mph, published research places the risk of death for a struck pedestrian near 50 percent, with typical injuries to the legs, pelvis, and head. 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What a Collision Does to Your Body<\/h1>\n          <p class=\"cpv-sub\" style=\"margin-top:14px;font-size:15px\">A free public safety tool from the <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/car-accident-lawyers\/dallas\/\">Dallas car accident lawyers<\/a> at J. Alexander Law Firm.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"cpv-sub cpv-sub--frost\">Choose a collision type and set the impact speed. The figure shows where car crash injuries concentrate on the body; the panel shows the physics behind them. Hover or tap any body zone for detail.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <div style=\"margin-top:34px\">\n<div class=\"cpv-app\"\n\tdata-speed=\"40\"\n\tdata-crash=\"rear\"\n\tdata-units=\"mph\"\n\tdata-glow=\"cpv-glow\">\n<div class=\"cpv-app__wrap\">\n\n\t<div class=\"cpv-controls\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Crash type\">\n\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-crash-btn\" data-crash=\"rear\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Rear End<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-crash-btn\" data-crash=\"head\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Head On<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-crash-btn\" data-crash=\"side\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Side Impact<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-crash-btn\" data-crash=\"roll\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Rollover<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-crash-btn\" data-crash=\"ped\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Pedestrian Struck<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-units\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Units\">\n\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-unit-btn\" data-unit=\"mph\" aria-pressed=\"true\">mph<\/button>\n\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-unit-btn\" data-unit=\"kmh\" aria-pressed=\"false\">km\/h<\/button>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"cpv-speed\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cpv-speed-top\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"cpv-speed-label\">Impact speed<\/span>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-speed-value\"><span data-cpv=\"speed-num\">40<\/span><small data-cpv=\"speed-unit\">mph<\/small><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<input type=\"range\" data-cpv=\"range\" min=\"10\" max=\"80\" step=\"1\" value=\"40\" aria-label=\"Impact speed\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cpv-ticks\"><span>10<\/span><span>City street<\/span><span>40<\/span><span>Highway<\/span><span>80<\/span><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"cpv-grid\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"cpv-body-panel\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-panel-h\">Injury zones on the body<\/div>\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"cpv-fig-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 470\" width=\"100%\" role=\"img\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Anatomical figure showing where injuries concentrate for the selected crash type and speed\">\n\t\t\t\t<defs>\n\t\t\t\t\t<filter id=\"cpv-glow\" x=\"-40%\" y=\"-40%\" width=\"180%\" height=\"180%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<feGaussianBlur stdDeviation=\"3.5\" result=\"b\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<feMerge><feMergeNode in=\"b\"\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/filter>\n\t\t\t\t<\/defs>\n\n\t\t\t\t<g class=\"cpv-fig\" transform=\"translate(60,8)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ellipse cx=\"110\" cy=\"40\" rx=\"23\" ry=\"27\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M99,63 C99,74 97,80 91,84 C74,88 65,97 63,110 L63,150 C63,174 66,193 72,206 L72,214 C72,229 77,242 84,251 L136,251 C143,242 148,229 148,214 L148,206 C154,193 157,174 157,150 L157,110 C155,97 146,88 129,84 C123,80 121,74 121,63 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M63,106 C51,113 46,126 46,143 L48,194 C49,212 52,225 56,236 L69,232 C65,220 63,205 63,190 L63,140 C63,126 64,114 69,106 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M157,106 C169,113 174,126 174,143 L172,194 C171,212 168,225 164,236 L151,232 C155,220 157,205 157,190 L157,140 C157,126 156,114 151,106 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ellipse cx=\"60\" cy=\"248\" rx=\"10\" ry=\"14\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"248\" rx=\"10\" ry=\"14\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M84,251 C81,272 79,300 81,330 C82,360 85,388 89,410 L107,410 C105,384 104,352 105,323 C105,298 106,273 107,253 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M136,251 C139,272 141,300 139,330 C138,360 135,388 131,410 L113,410 C115,384 116,352 115,323 C115,298 114,273 113,253 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M87,410 L107,410 L107,426 C107,432 103,436 95,436 L74,436 C70,436 68,432 70,427 C73,420 80,414 87,410 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M133,410 L113,410 L113,426 C113,432 117,436 125,436 L146,436 C150,436 152,432 150,427 C147,420 140,414 133,410 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\n\t\t\t\t<g aria-hidden=\"true\" font-family=\"Montserrat,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"600\" font-size=\"10.5\" letter-spacing=\"1.2\" fill=\"#8F8F8F\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<g stroke=\"#4A4A4A\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<line x1=\"52\" y1=\"48\" x2=\"146\" y2=\"48\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"128\" x2=\"119\" y2=\"128\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<line x1=\"52\" y1=\"236\" x2=\"128\" y2=\"236\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"430\" x2=\"123\" y2=\"430\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<line x1=\"288\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"187\" y2=\"82\"\/><line x1=\"288\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"239\" y2=\"118\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<line x1=\"288\" y1=\"173\" x2=\"181\" y2=\"173\"\/><line x1=\"288\" y1=\"191\" x2=\"221\" y2=\"191\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<line x1=\"288\" y1=\"338\" x2=\"204\" y2=\"338\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t\t\t<g fill=\"#6E6E6E\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle cx=\"148\" cy=\"48\" r=\"2.3\"\/><circle cx=\"122\" cy=\"128\" r=\"2.3\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle cx=\"131\" cy=\"236\" r=\"2.3\"\/><circle cx=\"126\" cy=\"430\" r=\"2.3\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle cx=\"184\" cy=\"82\" r=\"2.3\"\/><circle cx=\"236\" cy=\"118\" r=\"2.3\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle cx=\"178\" cy=\"173\" r=\"2.3\"\/><circle cx=\"218\" cy=\"191\" r=\"2.3\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle cx=\"201\" cy=\"338\" r=\"2.3\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"50\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"end\">HEAD<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"50\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"end\">CHEST<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"50\" y=\"240\" text-anchor=\"end\">PELVIS<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"50\" y=\"434\" text-anchor=\"end\">FEET<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"290\" y=\"86\">NECK<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"290\" y=\"122\">ARMS<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"290\" y=\"177\">SPINE<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"290\" y=\"195\">ABDOMEN<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t\t<text x=\"290\" y=\"342\">LEGS<\/text>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\n\t\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(60,8)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ellipse data-zone=\"head\" class=\"cpv-zone\" cx=\"110\" cy=\"40\" rx=\"21\" ry=\"25\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"neck\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M99,62 C99,74 97,80 91,84 C97,87 103,88 110,88 C117,88 123,87 129,84 C123,80 121,74 121,62 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"chest\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M91,84 C74,88 65,97 63,110 L63,152 L157,152 L157,110 C155,97 146,88 129,84 C123,86 117,88 110,88 C103,88 97,86 91,84 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"abd\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M63,152 L157,152 C157,174 154,193 148,206 L72,206 C66,193 63,174 63,152 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"pelvis\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M72,206 L148,206 L148,214 C148,229 143,242 136,251 L84,251 C77,242 72,229 72,214 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<rect data-zone=\"spine\" class=\"cpv-zone\" x=\"104\" y=\"90\" width=\"12\" height=\"158\" rx=\"5\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"armL\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M63,106 C51,113 46,126 46,143 L48,194 C49,212 52,225 56,236 L69,232 C65,220 63,205 63,190 L63,140 C63,126 64,114 69,106 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"armR\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M157,106 C169,113 174,126 174,143 L172,194 C171,212 168,225 164,236 L151,232 C155,220 157,205 157,190 L157,140 C157,126 156,114 151,106 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ellipse data-zone=\"armL\" class=\"cpv-zone\" cx=\"60\" cy=\"248\" rx=\"11\" ry=\"15\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ellipse data-zone=\"armR\" class=\"cpv-zone\" cx=\"160\" cy=\"248\" rx=\"11\" ry=\"15\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"legL\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M84,251 C81,272 79,300 81,330 C82,360 85,388 89,410 L107,410 C105,384 104,352 105,323 C105,298 106,273 107,253 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"legR\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M136,251 C139,272 141,300 139,330 C138,360 135,388 131,410 L113,410 C115,384 116,352 115,323 C115,298 114,273 113,253 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"feet\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M87,410 L107,410 L107,426 C107,432 103,436 95,436 L74,436 C70,436 68,432 70,427 C73,420 80,414 87,410 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path data-zone=\"feet\" class=\"cpv-zone\" d=\"M133,410 L113,410 L113,426 C113,432 117,436 125,436 L146,436 C150,436 152,432 150,427 C147,420 140,414 133,410 Z\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-legend\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"l-low\">Moderate<\/span><span class=\"l-mid\">Serious<\/span><span class=\"l-high\">Critical<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-hint\">Hover or tap a body zone for common injuries<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-stats\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-stat\"><div class=\"num\" data-cpv=\"stat-g\">0<\/div><div class=\"lbl\">Deceleration on the body, averaged over the crush<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-stat\"><div class=\"num\" data-cpv=\"stat-fall\">0<\/div><div class=\"lbl\" data-cpv=\"stat-fall-lbl\">Equivalent fall height<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-stat\"><div class=\"num\" data-cpv=\"stat-stop\">0<\/div><div class=\"lbl\">Braking distance to a stop, dry road<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-stat\"><div class=\"num\" data-cpv=\"stat-risk\">0%<\/div><div class=\"lbl\">Modeled risk of fatal injury<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-tip\" data-cpv=\"tip\" role=\"tooltip\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"cpv-right\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-diagram\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-diag-head\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-panel-h\">Crash geometry<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-crash-name\" data-cpv=\"heading\">Rear end collision<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-diag-stage\" data-cpv=\"diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-narrative\" data-cpv=\"narrative\"><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-injuries\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpv-panel-h\">Most common injuries in this crash type<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<ul data-cpv=\"injury-list\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== HOW TO READ + THE SCIENCE ===== -->\n<section class=\"cpv-sec cpv-sec--alt\" id=\"how-to-read\">\n  <div class=\"cpv-wrap\">\n\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">How to use this tool<\/span>\n    <h2>Reading the Visualizer<\/h2>\n    <div class=\"cpv-row\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <p>The figure above is a map of the human body. When you pick a collision type, the zones most often injured in that crash light up. Gold means moderate injury risk; orange means serious; red means critical. Slide the speed up and watch the colors shift. The same crash that bruises you at 20 mph can break bones at 40 and become life threatening at 60.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>A 40 mph impact is a five story fall,<\/strong> delivered to your body in about a tenth of a second.<\/div>\n        <p>The four numbers under the figure translate the crash into terms you can feel, starting with that fall height and ending with the modeled risk of a fatal injury.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\">\n        <!-- To use a photo instead: delete the svg below and add <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" alt=\"\" data-lazy-src=\"http:\/\/YOUR-IMAGE-URL\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"YOUR-IMAGE-URL\" alt=\"\"><\/noscript> -->\n        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 190\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Key showing how zone colors map to injury severity\">\n          <text x=\"18\" y=\"30\" font-family=\"Montserrat,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"11\" letter-spacing=\"2\" fill=\"#8F8F8F\">ZONE COLOR KEY<\/text>\n          <circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"62\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#F3B937\"\/>\n          <text x=\"56\" y=\"66\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#E8E8E8\">Moderate injury risk<\/text>\n          <circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"98\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#F07E2D\"\/>\n          <text x=\"56\" y=\"102\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#E8E8E8\">Serious injury risk<\/text>\n          <circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"134\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#E23A2E\"\/>\n          <text x=\"56\" y=\"138\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#E8E8E8\">Critical injury risk<\/text>\n          <rect x=\"18\" y=\"160\" width=\"284\" height=\"8\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"url(#cpvKeyGrad)\"\/>\n          <defs><linearGradient id=\"cpvKeyGrad\" x1=\"0\" x2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" stop-color=\"#F3B937\"\/><stop offset=\".55\" stop-color=\"#F07E2D\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#E23A2E\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs>\n          <text x=\"18\" y=\"184\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#8F8F8F\">10 mph<\/text>\n          <text x=\"302\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#8F8F8F\">80 mph<\/text>\n        <\/svg>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">The science, in plain English<\/span>\n    <h2>Why Speed Changes Everything in a Car Crash<\/h2>\n    <div class=\"cpv-row rev\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <p>Crash energy does not grow in a straight line with speed. It grows with the <strong>square<\/strong> of speed.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>Double your speed and you quadruple the energy<\/strong> your body has to absorb. The difference between 30 and 45 mph is not &#8220;a little worse&#8221;; it is more than twice the energy.<\/div>\n        <p>Your body has limits that no amount of caution can change. Bones, organs, and blood vessels can only tolerate so much sudden deceleration, measured in g force. A modern car spends its crumple zones and airbags trying to stretch the crash out over more time and distance, because every extra inch of crush lowers the g load on your body. That is also why side impacts and pedestrian crashes are so dangerous: there is almost nothing between the person and the force.<\/p>\n        <h3>The number researchers watch: fatality risk<\/h3>\n        <p>The last number in the panel, fatality risk, is the one researchers care about most. For a pedestrian, the risk of death climbs from about 10 percent at 23 mph to about 50 percent at 42 mph. Small speed differences change outcomes dramatically, which is why speed limits near schools and crosswalks are set where they are.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\">\n        <!-- To use a photo instead: delete the svg below and add <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" alt=\"\" data-lazy-src=\"http:\/\/YOUR-IMAGE-URL\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"YOUR-IMAGE-URL\" alt=\"\"><\/noscript> -->\n        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 210\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Chart showing crash energy rising with the square of speed\">\n          <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"175\" x2=\"305\" y2=\"175\" stroke=\"#3A3A3A\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n          <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"175\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"18\" stroke=\"#3A3A3A\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n          <path d=\"M30,175 Q165,175 300,35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#F3B937\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n          <circle cx=\"138\" cy=\"152.6\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#F07E2D\"\/>\n          <circle cx=\"246\" cy=\"85.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#E23A2E\"\/>\n          <line x1=\"138\" y1=\"152.6\" x2=\"246\" y2=\"85.4\" stroke=\"#5A5A5A\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 4\"\/>\n          <text x=\"138\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#CFCFCF\">30 mph<\/text>\n          <text x=\"246\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#CFCFCF\">60 mph<\/text>\n          <text x=\"215\" y=\"120\" font-family=\"Montserrat,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#F3B937\">4x the energy<\/text>\n          <text x=\"167\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#8F8F8F\">Impact speed<\/text>\n          <text x=\"16\" y=\"100\" font-family=\"Source Sans 3,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#8F8F8F\" transform=\"rotate(-90 16 100)\">Crash energy<\/text>\n        <\/svg>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== BY THE NUMBERS (static, crawlable) ===== -->\n<section class=\"cpv-sec cpv-sec--feature\" id=\"by-the-numbers\">\n  <div class=\"cpv-wrap\">\n\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">The numbers behind the tool<\/span>\n    <h2>Car Crash Injuries by Speed: The Full Table<\/h2>\n    <p>The visualizer above is interactive, but the physics behind it is fixed, so here it is as plain numbers you can read, quote, or cite without moving a slider. Whether you call it a car accident, an auto accident, a motor vehicle crash, or a car wreck, the same rule governs it: energy rises with the square of speed, and your body pays the difference.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>Two things decide how severe a car crash injury turns out to be,<\/strong> and whether it heals in weeks or lasts a lifetime: how fast you were going, and how you were hit.<\/div>\n    <p>Every figure below is what the tool computes for a typical restrained adult.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-tags\">\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Energy scales with <b>speed squared<\/b><\/span>\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Pedestrian death near <b>50% at 42 mph<\/b><\/span>\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Whiplash from as low as <b>8 mph<\/b><\/span>\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Belts cut occupant death <b>~45%<\/b><\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3>What every crash delivers at each speed<\/h3>\n    <p>Two of the four readouts do not care what kind of crash you are in, because they describe the raw energy of the moving vehicle. The <strong>equivalent fall height<\/strong> is how far you would drop to hit the ground at that speed; the <strong>stopping distance<\/strong> is how much dry road a car needs to brake to a halt from it. Both climb far faster than the speedometer does.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">Energy of the crash, by speed<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"Energy of the crash, by speed\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Speed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Equivalent fall<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Like falling from<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Braking distance, dry road<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>20 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">13 ft<\/td><td>a first floor window<\/td><td class=\"n\">19 ft<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>30 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">30 ft<\/td><td>a 3 story building<\/td><td class=\"n\">43 ft<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>40 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">53 ft<\/td><td>a 5 story building<\/td><td class=\"n\">76 ft<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>50 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">84 ft<\/td><td>an 8 story building<\/td><td class=\"n\">119 ft<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>60 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">120 ft<\/td><td>a 12 story building<\/td><td class=\"n\">172 ft<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>70 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">164 ft<\/td><td>a 16 story building<\/td><td class=\"n\">234 ft<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div style=\"padding:12px 18px\"><p class=\"cpv-note\">Fall height is kinetic energy equivalence; braking distance assumes a dry road friction coefficient of 0.7 and excludes reaction time.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>Those braking numbers are only the distance the tires need once the brakes are already on. Real stopping distance is longer, because a driver first has to see the hazard and react, which takes roughly one and a half seconds. At 60 mph that reaction time alone adds about 130 feet of travel before the car even begins to slow, which is why a gap that looks safe at speed often is not.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Can you survive a crash at 30, 50, or 70 mph?<\/h3>\n    <p>This is the question people actually search, and the straight answer is that it depends far more on the <strong>type<\/strong> of collision than on the number alone. The same 40 mph closing speed that a modern car survives from the front is often fatal from the side, because a door has no crumple zone. The grid below is the modeled risk of a fatal injury for a restrained occupant, except the pedestrian column, which follows published AAA research. Read down a column to watch one crash type get deadlier with speed; read across a row to see why the crash type matters as much as the speed.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">Modeled risk of fatal injury, by collision type and speed<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"Modeled risk of fatal injury, by collision type and speed\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Speed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rear end<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Head on<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Side impact<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rollover<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pedestrian<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>20 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">1%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">3%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">5%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">3%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">7%<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>30 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">3%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">10%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">19%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">8%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">22%<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>40 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">8%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">27%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">50%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">21%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">45%<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>50 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">21%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">56%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">81%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">44%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">75%<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>60 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">44%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">82%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">95%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">71%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">91%<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>70 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">71%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">94%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">99%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">88%<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">98%<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div style=\"padding:12px 18px\"><p class=\"cpv-note\">Occupant figures are modeled estimates for a typical restrained adult, not predictions for any specific crash. Gold is lower risk, orange serious, red critical.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"cpv-callout\">\n      <strong>The plain reading:<\/strong> there is no safe speed, but there are survivable ranges. A rear end crash stays mostly survivable into the 50s of mph; a side impact is already a coin flip at 40; a struck pedestrian passes even odds at about 42 mph. A 30 mph crash is rarely fatal in most crash types for a belted occupant, yet it can still break bones and cause a concussion, and it is deadly often enough that no one should treat it as minor.\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3>Can you survive a crash at 80, 100, or 120 mph?<\/h3>\n    <p>Survival becomes the exception, not the rule. At 80 mph every column in the grid above is deep in the red, and past 100 mph the deceleration outruns what belts, airbags, and crumple zones can spread, no matter how modern the car. People do survive triple digit crashes, usually when the impact is glancing and the car sheds speed in stages instead of stopping at once. A square hit at those speeds is a different story: the energy is nine to sixteen times a 30 mph crash, and the body&#8217;s g tolerance is simply exceeded.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>The speed where death becomes more likely than survival<\/h3>\n    <p>Every crash type has a tipping point, the speed at which a fatal outcome becomes more likely than survival. For a restrained occupant, that line crosses 50 percent at about 40 mph in a side impact, 48 mph in a head on collision, 52 mph in a rollover, and 62 mph in a rear end crash. For a struck pedestrian it crosses at just 42 mph. Below that point most people live; above it, most do not. It is the single most useful number in each column, because it turns an abstract percentage into a threshold you can recognize on a real road.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">The tipping point, by collision type<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"The tipping point, by collision type\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Collision type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Death becomes more likely than survival above<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>Side impact (T bone)<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">40 mph<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Pedestrian struck<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">42 mph<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Head on collision<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">48 mph<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Rollover<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">52 mph<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Rear end collision<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">62 mph<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div style=\"padding:12px 18px\"><p class=\"cpv-note\">Modeled 50 percent fatal-risk crossover for a restrained occupant; the pedestrian figure follows AAA research. The order is the real ranking of danger: a side impact turns deadly at a speed a rear end crash shrugs off.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3>The angle of the hit, and whether the cabin holds<\/h3>\n    <p>Speed sets the energy, but the impact angle and overlap decide how much of it your car&#8217;s structure gets to absorb. A square, full width frontal hit engages the whole crumple zone. An offset hit, the kind safety labs test as a small overlap crash, loads only a corner of the structure, so the same speed produces more deformation with less metal doing the work. A glancing blow is the most survivable version of a high speed crash because the car sheds energy in stages instead of stopping at once.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>Cabin intrusion is the line between a crash you walk away from and one you do not.<\/strong> As long as the structure holds, the crumple zone does its job and the cabin stays a survival space. When the structure fails and the dashboard, the door, or the roof comes inward, the injury risk jumps regardless of what the speed table says.<\/div>\n    <p>That is the deeper reason a side impact is so dangerous: a door has inches of structure where the front of the car has feet, so intrusion starts almost immediately. It is also why modern safety ratings weigh structural integrity as heavily as airbags, and why the same speed can total one cabin and leave another intact.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>How much of the danger is speed itself<\/h3>\n    <p>Speed does not just make a crash more likely; it makes every crash that does happen worse. Because energy grows with the square of velocity, a car at 60 mph carries four times the crash energy it does at 30, not twice. That is the single reason a small change in impact speed moves the fatality numbers so sharply, and it is why the risk in every column above bends upward rather than climbing in a straight line. The g force on your body follows the same curve: a side impact that loads your torso with about 54 g at 40 mph loads it with roughly 166 g at 70.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">Deceleration on the body, averaged over the crush, in g force, by collision type<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"Deceleration on the body, averaged over the crush, in g force, by collision type\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Speed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rear end<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Head on<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Side impact<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rollover<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pedestrian<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>30 mph<\/td><td class=\"n\">10 g<\/td><td class=\"n\">14 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">31 g<\/td><td class=\"n\">18 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">61 g<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>50 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">28 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">39 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">85 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">51 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">170 g<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>70 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">55 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">77 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">166 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">100 g<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">333 g<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div style=\"padding:12px 18px\"><p class=\"cpv-note\">Figures are the average deceleration over the crush distance; true peaks run higher. The same crash energy hurts less when it is spread over more distance. A rear end crash carries the lowest g load because the car behind you crushes over almost a meter; a struck pedestrian has almost no crush distance, so the same speed delivers several times the g load. Injury generally begins above about 20 to 30 sustained g, which is why restraints and airbags fight for every extra inch of stopping distance.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3>Speed does not only worsen crashes, it causes them<\/h3>\n    <p>Speed shows up twice in crash statistics. It makes any given crash more severe, which is what the tables above measure, and it makes a crash more likely in the first place, because a faster car travels farther during the driver&#8217;s reaction time and needs far more room to stop.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>Federal data reflects both:<\/strong> speeding is a factor in roughly a third of United States traffic deaths, and driver error of some kind is the critical reason behind about 9 in 10 crashes.<\/div>\n    <p>Most crashes happen on lower speed urban roads simply because that is where most driving happens, but the deadliest crashes cluster at higher speeds, exactly where the risk curves above turn steep.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-tags\">\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Driver error: <b>~94% of crashes<\/b><\/span>\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Speeding: <b>~29% of deaths<\/b><\/span>\n      <span class=\"cpv-tag\">Rural roads: <b>~40% of deaths<\/b><\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <p>Federal research points at driver behavior above everything else. NHTSA&#8217;s crash causation survey assigned the critical reason, the final event in the chain before impact, to the driver in about 94 percent of crashes, and the agency notes that a critical reason is not the same thing as the cause or the fault. Distraction, speeding, and impairment are the behaviors safety agencies target hardest, and each gets worse with speed: a distracted driver at 60 mph covers the length of a football field in the few seconds their eyes leave the road. Speeding alone is a factor in roughly 29 percent of traffic deaths.<\/p>\n    <h3>Where the crashes happen is not where the deaths happen<\/h3>\n    <p>Those numbers also explain why crash counts and crash deaths do not line up. Most crashes happen at intersections and on the ordinary roads near home, where traffic is dense but impacts are usually survivable, while higher speed rural roads carry a far larger share of the deaths, roughly 40 percent, than of the crashes.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>What speed do most crashes happen at?<\/h3>\n    <p>Most traffic collisions happen at city speeds, in 30 to 45 mph zones, because that is where the intersections, the driveways, and most of the driving are. Federal data puts roughly 40 percent of all crashes at intersections, which sit almost entirely on lower speed roads. The deaths cluster differently: they follow the speed, not the traffic, which is why the risk tables above bend upward so sharply past 40 mph.<\/p>\n    <p><strong>Where does 40 percent of all crashes occur?<\/strong> At intersections. Turning across traffic, misjudged gaps, and run red lights make the intersection the single most common place for a motor vehicle crash, even though the speeds there keep most of those collisions survivable.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>What is the deadliest state to drive in?<\/h3>\n    <p>It depends on how you count. By deaths per mile driven, recent federal data puts Mississippi and its rural neighbors at the top of the list. By sheer count, Texas leads the nation in traffic deaths most years, and its long stretches of high speed rural highway are a large part of the reason. Either way the pattern matches everything above: the deadliest places to drive are the ones where an automotive accident happens at the top of the speed range, far from a trauma center.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Why the smaller vehicle loses in a mismatch<\/h3>\n    <p>When two vehicles of different size collide, physics does not split the damage evenly.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>The mismatch rule:<\/strong> the lighter vehicle undergoes the larger change in speed, so its occupants absorb the larger share of the energy. A compact car struck by a pickup or SUV sees higher injury and fatality rates at the same closing speed.<\/div>\n    <p>It is also why the numbers above describe a typical passenger car; put the same person in the smaller vehicle of a mismatch and every risk figure shifts upward. The most extreme version of that mismatch is a crash with a large commercial truck, which is heavy enough to change these numbers entirely; our companion <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/truck-crash-injury-visualizer\/\">truck crash injury visualizer<\/a> covers those collisions, including underride and weight mismatch, on their own.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Who is in the seat changes the odds<\/h3>\n    <p>The tables describe a typical healthy adult, but the same crash is not the same for everyone. A child&#8217;s neck and a frail older skeleton tolerate less force, so older adults are more likely to die of the same auto accident injury a younger person would survive, and children are hurt in different patterns because of their size and where the belt crosses their body. Pre-existing conditions, pregnancy, and body size all shift the numbers. This is why a motor vehicle accident that leaves one person shaken can seriously injure another at the very same speed.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Pedestrians have no crumple zone at all<\/h3>\n    <p>The pedestrian column is the only one anchored to hard published data rather than a model, and at city speeds it is the deadliest column in the table. The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety measured how a struck pedestrian&#8217;s risk of death climbs with impact speed, and the curve is steep exactly where city speed limits sit.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">Pedestrian risk of death by impact speed, AAA Foundation research<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"Pedestrian risk of death by impact speed, AAA Foundation research\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Impact speed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Risk of death<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>16 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">3%<\/td><td>Most people survive<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>23 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-low\">10%<\/td><td>Around a typical school zone limit<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>32 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">25%<\/td><td>One in four does not survive<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>42 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-mid\">50%<\/td><td>Even odds of death<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>50 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">75%<\/td><td>Three in four die<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>58 mph<\/td><td class=\"n cpv-r-high\">90%<\/td><td>Rarely survivable<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div style=\"padding:12px 18px\"><p class=\"cpv-note\">Source: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Impact Speed and a Pedestrian&#8217;s Risk of Severe Injury or Death. The published anchors are the rows at 23, 32, 42, 50, and 58 mph; the 16 mph figure is read from the study&#8217;s fitted curve.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3>What actually lowers these numbers<\/h3>\n    <p>Every figure above assumes a restrained occupant, because restraints are what move the odds most.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-callout\"><strong>A seat belt reduces the risk of death for a front seat car occupant by about 45 percent,<\/strong> and it is the single biggest factor in surviving a rollover, because it keeps you inside the vehicle instead of being ejected.<\/div>\n    <p>The rest of the car works on the same principle of buying time and distance: the crumple zone at the front collapses so the cabin decelerates over more feet, the airbag spreads the load across your chest and head instead of the steering wheel, and side curtain airbags put something between your head and the door in a side impact. This is exactly why a side impact is so dangerous, there is no crumple zone in a door, and why an unbelted occupant faces far worse odds than any table here shows.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">What protects you, and how<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"What protects you, and how\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Protection<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it works<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Matters most in<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>Seat belt<\/td><td>Keeps you in the seat and off the interior; prevents ejection<\/td><td>Every crash, especially rollovers<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Crumple zone<\/td><td>Collapses to stretch the stop over more distance, cutting g force<\/td><td>Head on and rear end crashes<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Front airbag<\/td><td>Spreads the load across the head and chest<\/td><td>Head on collisions<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Side curtain airbag<\/td><td>Puts a cushion between the head and an intruding vehicle<\/td><td>Side impact crashes<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== COLLISION GUIDE ===== -->\n<section class=\"cpv-sec\" id=\"collision-guide\">\n  <div class=\"cpv-wrap\">\n\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">Collision guide<\/span>\n    <h2>The Five Collision Types, Explained<\/h2>\n    <p>Across every vehicle collision, a handful of car crash injuries show up again and again. Here they are in one place, with the crashes that cause them most often, before this section breaks down each collision type on its own. Whether the report calls it an auto accident, a traffic collision, or a motor vehicle crash, most happen at intersections and on the ordinary urban roads where the great majority of driving actually takes place, not on the highway. The injury accident that changes a life is usually the one that happens above those speeds.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-dtable\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-cap\">The most common car crash injuries<\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-dtable-scroll\">\n        <table aria-label=\"The most common car crash injuries\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Injury<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Most common in<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>Whiplash and neck strain<\/td><td>Neck<\/td><td>Rear end crashes<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Concussion and traumatic brain injury<\/td><td>Head<\/td><td>Every crash type<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/herniated-disc-car-accident-texas\/\">Back and spinal injury<\/a><\/td><td>Spine<\/td><td>Rear end, rollover<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Broken arms, legs, and ribs<\/td><td>Limbs and chest<\/td><td>Head on, side impact<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Internal organ injury<\/td><td>Abdomen and chest<\/td><td>Side impact, head on<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Pelvic and hip fracture<\/td><td>Pelvis<\/td><td>Side impact, pedestrian<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Cuts, bruises, and seat belt injury<\/td><td>Chest and whole body<\/td><td>Every crash type<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-row\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <h3>Rear end collisions<\/h3>\n        <p>The most common crash on the road, and the most common source of a car crash injury. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/car-accident-lawyers\/rear-end-accidents\/\">rear end accident<\/a>, the struck car is shoved forward while the occupant&#8217;s head lags behind for a fraction of a second; the neck absorbs the difference. That is <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/whiplash-injury-settlement\/\">whiplash<\/a>, and it can occur at speeds as low as 8 mph. At higher speeds, rear end crashes add concussions, spinal injuries, and seat back failures to the picture.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-inj\"><div class=\"cpv-inj-h\">Injuries this crash concentrates<\/div><ul>\n          <li>Whiplash and cervical strain<\/li>\n          <li>Concussion from the head snap<\/li>\n          <li>Lumbar and thoracic spine injury<\/li>\n          <li>Wrist and shoulder strain<\/li>\n          <li>Ankle injury from the braking foot<\/li>\n          <li>Seat belt bruising of the chest<\/li>\n        <\/ul><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\" data-scene=\"rear\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-row rev\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <h3>Head on collisions<\/h3>\n        <p>Two vehicles moving toward each other combine their speeds, so a 40 mph <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/car-accident-lawyers\/head-on-collisions\/\">head on crash<\/a> can behave like a much faster impact. The chest takes the belt and airbag load, the head whips forward, and the knees and feet strike the dash and footwell. These crashes produce a large share of serious leg and internal injuries.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-inj\"><div class=\"cpv-inj-h\">Injuries this crash concentrates<\/div><ul>\n          <li>Chest trauma from belt, airbag, or column<\/li>\n          <li>Traumatic brain injury<\/li>\n          <li>Wrist and forearm fractures<\/li>\n          <li>Femur and knee fractures on the dash<\/li>\n          <li>Foot and ankle crush in the footwell<\/li>\n          <li>Internal organ injury<\/li>\n        <\/ul><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\" data-scene=\"head\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-row\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <h3>Side impact (T bone) crashes<\/h3>\n        <p>A car door offers roughly a foot of protection; the front of a car offers several feet of crumple zone. When a vehicle strikes your door in a <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/car-accident-lawyers\/t-bone-accidents\/\">T bone accident<\/a>, there is very little structure to absorb the blow. Head, rib, pelvic, and internal organ injuries dominate, and they occur at speeds that would be survivable in a frontal crash.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-inj\"><div class=\"cpv-inj-h\">Injuries this crash concentrates<\/div><ul>\n          <li>Head strike on window or intruding vehicle<\/li>\n          <li>Rib fractures and lung injury<\/li>\n          <li>Pelvic and hip fractures<\/li>\n          <li>Spleen, liver, and kidney injury<\/li>\n          <li>Shoulder and arm fractures<\/li>\n          <li>Leg and foot entrapment<\/li>\n        <\/ul><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\" data-scene=\"side\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-row rev\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <h3>Rollovers<\/h3>\n        <p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/car-accident-lawyers\/rollover-accidents\/\">rollover accident<\/a> is not one impact; it is a series of them. Each rotation loads the roof, the occupant&#8217;s head, and the spine again. Ejection is the deadliest outcome, and it almost always involves an unbelted occupant. Rollovers make up a small share of crashes but a large share of deaths.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-inj\"><div class=\"cpv-inj-h\">Injuries this crash concentrates<\/div><ul>\n          <li>Head injury from roof contact or crush<\/li>\n          <li>Cervical spine fracture<\/li>\n          <li>Thoracic and lumbar spine injury<\/li>\n          <li>Arm fractures from flailing<\/li>\n          <li>Leg and foot injuries<\/li>\n          <li>Ejection, the leading cause of rollover death<\/li>\n        <\/ul><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\" data-scene=\"roll\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-row\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-text\">\n        <h3>Pedestrian crashes<\/h3>\n        <p>A person on foot has no crumple zone at all. The bumper strikes the legs first, the body rotates onto the hood, and the head reaches the windshield or the pavement. This sequence is why pedestrian injuries cluster in the legs, pelvis, and head, and why fatality risk rises so steeply between 25 and 50 mph.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cpv-inj\"><div class=\"cpv-inj-h\">Injuries this crash concentrates<\/div><ul>\n          <li>Tibia and fibula fractures from the bumper<\/li>\n          <li>Ankle and foot fractures<\/li>\n          <li>Pelvic fracture from the hood edge<\/li>\n          <li>Head injury from windshield or ground<\/li>\n          <li>Cervical spine injury<\/li>\n          <li>Chest and internal trauma<\/li>\n        <\/ul><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-row-media\" data-scene=\"ped\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== RELATED \/ INTERNAL RELEVANCY ===== -->\n<section class=\"cpv-sec cpv-sec--alt\" id=\"related\">\n  <div class=\"cpv-wrap\">\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">Go deeper<\/span>\n    <h2>Related Guides and Tools<\/h2>\n    <p>This visualizer covers the physics of the crash. When a crash becomes a specific injury or a claim, these guides pick up where it leaves off, and two companion tools cover the crashes and symptoms this one does not.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-related\">\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/whiplash-injury-settlement\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">Neck injury<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">Whiplash settlements<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/herniated-disc-car-accident-texas\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">Spine<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">Herniated disc claims<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/texas-spinal-cord-injury-lawyers\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">Catastrophic<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">Spinal cord injury<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/rear-end-car-accident-texas\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">Most common crash<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">Rear end car accidents<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/what-to-do-after-a-car-accident-in-texas\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">First steps<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">What to do after a crash<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/average-car-accident-lawsuit-value-in-texas\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">The number<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">What a claim is worth<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/car-accident-injury-symptoms-free-texas-injury-checker\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">Companion tool<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">Injury symptom checker<\/span><\/a>\n      <a class=\"cpv-rel\" href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/truck-crash-injury-visualizer\/\"><span class=\"cpv-rel-k\">Companion tool<\/span><span class=\"cpv-rel-t\">Truck crash visualizer<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== FAQ ===== -->\n<section class=\"cpv-sec cpv-sec--feature\" id=\"faq\">\n  <div class=\"cpv-wrap\">\n    <div class=\"cpv-two cpv-two--faq\">\n      <div class=\"cpv-faq-intro\">\n        <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">Common questions<\/span>\n        <h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n        <p>Straight answers to the questions people search after a crash. Each one starts with the direct answer, then the research behind it.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-faq\">\n        <details>\n          <summary>At what speed can a car crash kill you?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">There is no safe speed; fatal crashes have been recorded below 20 mph. For vehicle occupants, the risk of death rises sharply above roughly 40 mph of sudden speed change, and for pedestrians it climbs steeply past 30 mph. Restraints, airbags, and the crash type matter as much as the number on the speedometer.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>Can you get whiplash from a low speed crash?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Yes. Research shows whiplash injuries can occur in rear end impacts at 8 mph or less, sometimes with little visible damage to either vehicle. Symptoms often appear hours or days after the crash, which is why doctors recommend getting checked even after a minor collision.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>What is the most dangerous type of car crash?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Per crash, head on collisions and side impacts produce the highest rates of death and serious injury for vehicle occupants, because the closing speed is high or the protective structure is thin. Rollovers are rarer but carry an outsized share of fatalities, largely due to ejection.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>How many g&#8217;s can the human body survive?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">A restrained, healthy person can survive brief spikes of 40 to 60 g, and rare cases have survived far more for a few milliseconds. Injury typically begins well below that, though; sustained loads above about 20 to 30 g cause internal damage. Everything in vehicle safety design exists to keep the g number low by stretching the impact over more time.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>Why are side impact crashes so dangerous?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Because the crumple zone is missing. In a frontal crash your body has several feet of collapsing metal working for it; in a T bone crash it has a door panel. That is why side curtain airbags and reinforced door beams have had such a measurable effect on survival rates.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>What happens to a pedestrian hit at 40 mph?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">At around 40 mph, published research places the risk of death for a struck pedestrian near 50 percent, with typical injuries to the legs, pelvis, and head. At 25 mph that risk is closer to 10 percent. The gap between those two numbers is the entire argument for lower urban speed limits.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>Do seat belts really make that much difference?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Yes. Federal crash data shows seat belts reduce the risk of death for front seat occupants of cars by about 45 percent, and they are the single biggest factor in surviving a rollover, because they prevent ejection. No other safety device comes close.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>Can you survive a car crash at 30, 50, or 70 mph?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">It depends far more on the collision type than the speed alone. For a belted occupant, a 30 mph crash is rarely fatal, a 50 mph crash ranges from about a one in five chance of death in a rear end impact to four in five in a side impact, and by 70 mph most crash types are more likely to kill than not. A modern car protects you best from the front and worst from the side, where there is no crumple zone.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>Can you survive a crash at 80, 100, or 120 mph?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Survival is possible but increasingly unlikely. By 80 mph most collision types are far more likely to be fatal than not for an occupant, and a struck pedestrian has almost no chance. Above 100 mph the crash energy roughly doubles again over 70 mph and overwhelms belts, airbags, and vehicle structures; survivors exist, usually in glancing impacts or unusually strong vehicles, but they are the exception. There is no speed at which a crash is safe, only speeds at which survival goes from likely to rare.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>How bad is a 30 mph crash?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Worse than most people expect. A 30 mph crash carries the energy of a fall from a three story building, and while a belted occupant usually survives it, broken bones, concussions, and whiplash are all common. For a struck pedestrian, the risk of death at 30 mph is already about one in five, which is why urban speed limits matter so much.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>What happens to your body in a high speed crash?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Your body keeps moving at the car&#8217;s original speed until something stops it, the belt, the airbag, the wheel, or the interior, in under a tenth of a second. That sudden deceleration, measured in g force, is what tears soft tissue, breaks bones, and injures organs. Sustained loads above roughly 20 to 30 g cause internal damage, which is why every safety system works to stretch the stop over more time and distance.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>What is the most common injury in a car accident?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Soft tissue neck injury, whiplash, is the most common, especially in rear end crashes, followed by back strains, concussions, and seat belt bruising. Whiplash can happen at speeds as low as 8 mph, which is why even a minor looking crash is worth <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/what-to-do-after-a-car-accident-in-texas\/\">getting checked and documented<\/a> right away.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>Do you feel pain in a car crash?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Often not at the moment of impact. Adrenaline and shock frequently mask pain during and right after a crash, so injuries like whiplash and soft tissue damage can take hours or a full day to show up. That delay is the medical reason to get checked even when you feel fine at the scene.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n        <details>\n          <summary>How is the fatality risk in this tool calculated?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"a\">Pedestrian risk is interpolated from published AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety research on impact speed. Occupant risk for the other crash types is a modeled estimate shaped from federal research on sudden speed change and injury. The figures are educational estimates for a typical adult, not predictions for any specific crash or person.<\/div>\n        <\/details>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== METHODOLOGY + PUBLISHER EMBED ===== -->\n<section class=\"cpv-sec cpv-sec--alt\" id=\"methodology\">\n  <div class=\"cpv-wrap\">\n\n    <div class=\"cpv-two\">\n      <div>\n        <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">Transparency<\/span>\n        <h2>Methodology and Sources<\/h2>\n        <p style=\"margin:0\">Fall height is derived from kinetic energy equivalence. Braking distance assumes a dry road friction coefficient of 0.7 and excludes driver reaction time. Peak deceleration is estimated from typical crush distances for each collision type. Injury zone patterns reflect published trauma literature on collision biomechanics. All figures describe a typical adult and are for education, not prediction.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cpv-src-card\">\n        <div class=\"cpv-src-h\">Data sources<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"cpv-sources\">\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/aaafoundation.org\/impact-speed-pedestrians-risk-severe-injury-death\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety; Impact Speed and a Pedestrian&#8217;s Risk of Severe Injury or Death<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; crash injury and occupant protection research<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/topics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; crash test and real world outcome data<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/social-determinants-of-health\/safety-and-mobility\/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization; Global Status Report on Road Safety<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">For publishers<\/span>\n    <h2>Embed or Reference This Tool<\/h2>\n    <p>Journalists, educators, and safety organizations are welcome to reference the figures above or embed the tool, free, with attribution and a link back to this page.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cpv-embed\">\n      <textarea readonly aria-label=\"Embed code for this tool\">&lt;iframe src=&#8221;https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/crash-injury-visualizer\/&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; height=&#8221;900&#8243; style=&#8221;border:0&#8243; title=&#8221;Crash Physics and Injury Visualizer&#8221;&gt;&lt;\/iframe&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/crash-injury-visualizer\/&#8221;&gt;J. Alexander Law Firm Crash Injury Visualizer&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;<\/textarea>\n      <button type=\"button\" class=\"cpv-copy\">Copy embed code<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <span class=\"cpv-kicker\">About the publisher<\/span>\n    <h2>About J. Alexander Law Firm<\/h2>\n    <div class=\"cpv-two\">\n      <p style=\"margin:0\">J. Alexander Law Firm, P.C. is a personal injury law firm founded in 2016 by attorney Josh Alexander, a United States Marine Corps veteran who served during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The firm represents people injured in vehicle, workplace, and catastrophic injury cases from offices in Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio, Canton, Oklahoma City, and Tulsa, serving clients in English and Spanish. The firm publishes free public safety tools and guides, including this visualizer, as part of its education and community work.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"cpv-src-card\">\n        <div class=\"cpv-src-h\">Media contact<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"cpv-sources\">\n          <li>Jose Lopez, Marketing Director<\/li>\n          <li>Phone: <a href=\"tel:+19725355700\">(972) 535-5700<\/a><\/li>\n          <li>Media inquiries: <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/contact-us\/\">severeinjurylawyers.com\/contact-us<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/crash-injury-visualizer\/\">severeinjurylawyers.com\/crash-injury-visualizer<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"cpv-attrib\">Created by <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/\" rel=\"noopener\">J. Alexander Law Firm<\/a>, a personal injury firm that has spent years studying how crashes injure people. This page is educational and is not legal or medical advice.<\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script>\n\/* JCA Crash Physics & Injury Visualizer *\/\n(function () {\n  \"use strict\";\n\n  var MPH_TO_MS = 0.44704, G = 9.81;\n  var reduceMotion = window.matchMedia(\"(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)\").matches;\n\n  var ZONE_LABELS = { head: \"Head\", neck: \"Neck\", chest: \"Chest\", abd: \"Abdomen\", pelvis: \"Pelvis\", spine: \"Spine\", armL: \"Left arm & hand\", armR: \"Right arm & hand\", legL: \"Left leg\", legR: \"Right leg\", feet: \"Feet & ankles\" };\n\n  var PED_POINTS = [[10, 0.01], [16, 0.03], [23, 0.10], [32, 0.25], [42, 0.50], [50, 0.75], [58, 0.90], [70, 0.98], [80, 0.99]];\n  function pedRisk(mph) {\n    if (mph <= PED_POINTS[0][0]) return PED_POINTS[0][1];\n    for (var i = 1; i < PED_POINTS.length; i++) {\n      if (mph <= PED_POINTS[i][0]) {\n        var a = PED_POINTS[i - 1], b = PED_POINTS[i];\n        return a[1] + (b[1] - a[1]) * (mph - a[0]) \/ (b[0] - a[0]);\n      }\n    }\n    return 0.99;\n  }\n  function logistic(mph, mid, k) { return 1 \/ (1 + Math.exp(-(mph - mid) \/ k)); }\n\n  \/* narratives take (mph, fmt) so each instance formats with its own units *\/\n  var CRASH = {\n    rear: {\n      label: \"Rear end collision\", crush: 0.9,\n      zones: { neck: 1.0, head: 0.6, spine: 0.8, chest: 0.35, armL: 0.35, armR: 0.35, feet: 0.3 },\n      injuries: [\n        { t: \"Whiplash and cervical strain\", z: [\"neck\"], zl: \"Neck\" },\n        { t: \"Concussion from head snap against the restraint\", z: [\"head\"], zl: \"Head\" },\n        { t: \"Lumbar and thoracic spine injury\", z: [\"spine\"], zl: \"Spine\" },\n        { t: \"Wrist and shoulder strain from bracing on the wheel\", z: [\"armL\", \"armR\"], zl: \"Arms\" },\n        { t: \"Ankle injury from the braking foot\", z: [\"feet\"], zl: \"Feet\" },\n        { t: \"Seat belt bruising of the chest\", z: [\"chest\"], zl: \"Chest\" }\n      ],\n      narrative: function (mph, fmt) {\n        var s = fmt(mph);\n        if (mph < 25) return \"At \" + s + \", this is the classic stop and go impact. The struck car lurches forward, the head snaps back, and the neck takes the strain. Whiplash can occur at speeds as low as 8 mph, often with barely a mark on either bumper.\";\n        if (mph < 45) return \"At \" + s + \", the struck vehicle is shoved forward hard while the occupant's head lags behind for a fraction of a second. The neck absorbs that difference. Whiplash is near certain in this range, and concussions and lower back injuries become common.\";\n        return \"At \" + s + \", a rear end impact stops being a fender bender. Seat backs can fail, headrests are overwhelmed, and the violent head snap can injure the brain and spinal cord, not just strain the neck.\";\n      },\n      risk: function (mph) { return logistic(mph, 62, 9); }\n    },\n    head: {\n      label: \"Head on collision\", crush: 0.65,\n      zones: { head: 0.9, chest: 1.0, abd: 0.6, legL: 0.8, legR: 0.8, feet: 0.7, pelvis: 0.5, neck: 0.5, armL: 0.6, armR: 0.6, spine: 0.45 },\n      injuries: [\n        { t: \"Chest trauma from belt, airbag, or steering column\", z: [\"chest\"], zl: \"Chest\" },\n        { t: \"Traumatic brain injury\", z: [\"head\"], zl: \"Head\" },\n        { t: \"Wrist and forearm fractures from bracing against the wheel\", z: [\"armL\", \"armR\"], zl: \"Arms\" },\n        { t: \"Femur and knee fractures against the dash\", z: [\"legL\", \"legR\"], zl: \"Legs\" },\n        { t: \"Foot and ankle crush in the footwell\", z: [\"feet\"], zl: \"Feet\" },\n        { t: \"Internal organ injury\", z: [\"abd\"], zl: \"Abdomen\" }\n      ],\n      narrative: function (mph, fmt) {\n        var s = fmt(mph);\n        if (mph < 25) return \"Even at \" + s + \", a head on crash is more violent than the number suggests, because the closing speed of two moving vehicles combines. Belted occupants usually survive this range, but chest bruising from the belt and knee injuries from the dash are common.\";\n        if (mph < 45) return \"At \" + s + \", the two vehicles' speeds combine into a closing force that decelerates the cabin in under a tenth of a second. The chest takes the belt and airbag load, the head whips forward, and the knees and feet strike the dash and footwell.\";\n        return \"At \" + s + \", a head on collision is one of the deadliest events on the road. Even with modern belts and airbags, the combined closing speed drives severe chest, brain, and leg injuries, and survival often comes down to how well the vehicle structures hold.\";\n      },\n      risk: function (mph) { return logistic(mph, 48, 8); }\n    },\n    side: {\n      label: \"Side impact (T bone)\", crush: 0.3,\n      zones: { head: 0.95, chest: 0.85, pelvis: 0.9, abd: 0.7, armL: 0.6, armR: 0.3, neck: 0.5, legL: 0.5, feet: 0.35, spine: 0.35 },\n      injuries: [\n        { t: \"Head strike against the window or intruding vehicle\", z: [\"head\"], zl: \"Head\" },\n        { t: \"Rib fractures and lung injury on the struck side\", z: [\"chest\"], zl: \"Chest\" },\n        { t: \"Pelvic and hip fractures\", z: [\"pelvis\"], zl: \"Pelvis\" },\n        { t: \"Spleen, liver, and kidney injury\", z: [\"abd\"], zl: \"Abdomen\" },\n        { t: \"Shoulder and arm fractures on the struck side\", z: [\"armL\", \"armR\"], zl: \"Arms\" },\n        { t: \"Leg and foot entrapment from door and floor intrusion\", z: [\"legL\", \"feet\"], zl: \"Leg &#038; foot\" }\n      ],\n      narrative: function (mph, fmt) {\n        var s = fmt(mph);\n        if (mph < 25) return \"At \" + s + \", a side impact already matters more than a frontal crash at the same speed. A door offers roughly a foot of protection, so even low speed T bone crashes commonly bruise ribs and injure hips on the struck side.\";\n        if (mph < 45) return \"At \" + s + \", there is almost no structure left between the striking vehicle and the occupant. Head strikes, rib fractures, and pelvic injuries dominate, which is why a T bone crash in this range rivals much faster frontal impacts.\";\n        return \"At \" + s + \", the striking vehicle intrudes directly into the occupant space. This is the crash side curtain airbags were invented for; without them, head and internal organ injuries at this speed are frequently fatal.\";\n      },\n      risk: function (mph) { return logistic(mph, 40, 7); }\n    },\n    roll: {\n      label: \"Rollover\", crush: 0.5,\n      zones: { head: 1.0, neck: 0.9, spine: 0.85, armL: 0.6, armR: 0.6, chest: 0.5, abd: 0.3, legL: 0.4, legR: 0.4, feet: 0.3 },\n      injuries: [\n        { t: \"Head injury from roof contact or roof crush\", z: [\"head\"], zl: \"Head\" },\n        { t: \"Cervical spine fracture\", z: [\"neck\"], zl: \"Neck\" },\n        { t: \"Thoracic and lumbar spine injury\", z: [\"spine\"], zl: \"Spine\" },\n        { t: \"Arm fractures from flailing or partial ejection\", z: [\"armL\", \"armR\"], zl: \"Arms\" },\n        { t: \"Leg and foot injuries from footwell intrusion\", z: [\"legL\", \"legR\", \"feet\"], zl: \"Legs &#038; feet\" },\n        { t: \"Ejection, the leading cause of rollover death\", z: [], zl: \"Whole body\" }\n      ],\n      narrative: function (mph, fmt) {\n        var s = fmt(mph);\n        if (mph < 25) return \"At \" + s + \", rollovers are rare and usually need a trip point like a curb, a ditch, or a soft shoulder. Belted occupants generally come through this range well; unbelted occupants can still be thrown against the roof and pillars.\";\n        if (mph < 45) return \"At \" + s + \", a vehicle can roll one or more full rotations. Each rotation loads the roof, the occupant's head, and the spine again. A seat belt is the difference between being held in the seat and being thrown around the cabin.\";\n        return \"At \" + s + \", a rollover becomes a chain of violent impacts, and roof crush and ejection decide the outcome. Ejection is fatal in most cases, which is why this crash type accounts for a share of deaths far beyond its numbers.\";\n      },\n      risk: function (mph) { return logistic(mph, 52, 9); }\n    },\n    ped: {\n      label: \"Pedestrian struck by a vehicle\", crush: 0.15,\n      zones: { legL: 1.0, legR: 1.0, pelvis: 0.9, head: 0.95, neck: 0.55, chest: 0.6, abd: 0.5, spine: 0.4, armL: 0.6, armR: 0.6, feet: 0.75 },\n      injuries: [\n        { t: \"Tibia and fibula fractures from the bumper\", z: [\"legL\", \"legR\"], zl: \"Legs\" },\n        { t: \"Ankle and foot fractures at bumper height\", z: [\"feet\"], zl: \"Feet\" },\n        { t: \"Pelvic fracture from the hood edge\", z: [\"pelvis\"], zl: \"Pelvis\" },\n        { t: \"Head injury from windshield or ground\", z: [\"head\"], zl: \"Head\" },\n        { t: \"Cervical spine injury as the head strikes\", z: [\"neck\"], zl: \"Neck\" },\n        { t: \"Arm and wrist fractures from hood and ground impact\", z: [\"armL\", \"armR\"], zl: \"Arms\" },\n        { t: \"Chest and internal trauma\", z: [\"chest\", \"abd\"], zl: \"Chest\" },\n        { t: \"Spinal injury on secondary ground impact\", z: [\"spine\"], zl: \"Spine\" }\n      ],\n      narrative: function (mph, fmt) {\n        var s = fmt(mph);\n        if (mph < 25) return \"At \" + s + \", most struck pedestrians survive, though leg fractures and hip injuries are common. Research puts the risk of death near 10 percent at 23 mph, which is the entire case for slow school zone and neighborhood limits.\";\n        if (mph < 45) return \"At \" + s + \", the sequence turns violent: the bumper breaks the legs, the body rotates onto the hood, and the head reaches the windshield. Fatality risk climbs steeply through this range, from roughly 25 percent at 32 mph to 50 percent at 42.\";\n        return \"At \" + s + \", a struck pedestrian has very little chance. Published research places the risk of death at 75 percent or higher past 50 mph; the body is accelerated to the car's speed almost instantly, with nothing to absorb any of it.\";\n      },\n      risk: function (mph) { return pedRisk(mph); }\n    }\n  };\n\n  \/* ---------- crash geometry scenes ---------- *\/\n  function carTop(x, y, rot, victim, opacity) {\n    var body = victim ? \"#3B3120\" : \"#232323\";\n    var stroke = victim ? \"#F3B937\" : \"#565656\";\n    var roof = victim ? \"#4C3E22\" : \"#2E2E2E\";\n    var glass = \"#0D0D0D\";\n    var op = (opacity == null) ? 1 : opacity;\n    return '<g transform=\"translate(' + x + ',' + y + ') rotate(' + rot + ')\" opacity=\"' + op + '\">' +\n      '<rect x=\"-44\" y=\"-26\" width=\"17\" height=\"7\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0B0B0B\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"24\" y=\"-26\" width=\"17\" height=\"7\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0B0B0B\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"-44\" y=\"19\" width=\"17\" height=\"7\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0B0B0B\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"24\" y=\"19\" width=\"17\" height=\"7\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0B0B0B\"\/>' +\n      '<path d=\"M-50,-23 L42,-23 Q56,-23 56,-12 L56,12 Q56,23 42,23 L-50,23 Q-56,23 -56,17 L-56,-17 Q-56,-23 -50,-23 Z\" fill=\"' + body + '\" stroke=\"' + stroke + '\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"30\" y1=\"-20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.35\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"12\" y=\"-28\" width=\"8\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"' + body + '\" stroke=\"' + stroke + '\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"12\" y=\"22\" width=\"8\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"' + body + '\" stroke=\"' + stroke + '\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>' +\n      '<path d=\"M12,-18 Q24,-9 24,0 Q24,9 12,18 L7,15 Q15,8 15,0 Q15,-8 7,-15 Z\" fill=\"' + glass + '\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"-24\" y=\"-15\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"' + roof + '\"\/>' +\n      '<path d=\"M-27,-16 Q-36,-9 -36,0 Q-36,9 -27,16 L-31,13 Q-40,8 -40,0 Q-40,-8 -31,-13 Z\" fill=\"' + glass + '\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"-19\" x2=\"-44\" y2=\"19\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.35\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>' +\n      '<path d=\"M56,-13 Q52,-18 46,-19 L46,-13 Z\" fill=\"#F5E7AE\"\/>' +\n      '<path d=\"M56,13 Q52,18 46,19 L46,13 Z\" fill=\"#F5E7AE\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"-56\" y=\"-17\" width=\"3.5\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#8C3030\"\/>' +\n      '<rect x=\"-56\" y=\"8\" width=\"3.5\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#8C3030\"\/>' +\n      '<\/g>';\n  }\n  function streaks(x, y, rot) {\n    return '<g transform=\"translate(' + x + ',' + y + ') rotate(' + rot + ')\" stroke=\"#5C5C5C\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" opacity=\"0.85\">' +\n      '<line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-9\" x2=\"-26\" y2=\"-9\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"-40\" y2=\"0\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"0\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"-22\" y2=\"9\"\/><\/g>';\n  }\n  function impact(x, y) {\n    function star(r1, r2, fill, op) {\n      var p = \"\";\n      for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) {\n        var a = i * Math.PI \/ 4;\n        p += (i === 0 ? \"M\" : \"L\") + (x + Math.cos(a) * r1).toFixed(1) + \",\" + (y + Math.sin(a) * r1).toFixed(1) +\n          \" L\" + (x + Math.cos(a + Math.PI \/ 8) * r2).toFixed(1) + \",\" + (y + Math.sin(a + Math.PI \/ 8) * r2).toFixed(1) + \" \";\n      }\n      return '<path d=\"' + p + 'Z\" fill=\"' + fill + '\" opacity=\"' + op + '\"\/>';\n    }\n    return star(17, 7, \"#F3B937\", 0.95) + star(9, 4, \"#FFF3CF\", 0.95);\n  }\n  function tag(x, y, text, gold) {\n    return '<text x=\"' + x + '\" y=\"' + y + '\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Montserrat,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"9.5\" letter-spacing=\"1.5\" fill=\"' + (gold ? \"#F3B937\" : \"#8A8A8A\") + '\">' + text.toUpperCase() + '<\/text>';\n  }\n  function person(x, y, gold) {\n    var c = gold ? \"#F3B937\" : \"#CFCFCF\";\n    return '<g stroke=\"' + c + '\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">' +\n      '<line x1=\"' + x + '\" y1=\"' + (y - 11) + '\" x2=\"' + x + '\" y2=\"' + (y + 7) + '\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"' + x + '\" y1=\"' + (y - 4) + '\" x2=\"' + (x - 9) + '\" y2=\"' + (y + 2) + '\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"' + x + '\" y1=\"' + (y - 4) + '\" x2=\"' + (x + 9) + '\" y2=\"' + (y - 9) + '\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"' + x + '\" y1=\"' + (y + 7) + '\" x2=\"' + (x - 7) + '\" y2=\"' + (y + 22) + '\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"' + x + '\" y1=\"' + (y + 7) + '\" x2=\"' + (x + 8) + '\" y2=\"' + (y + 21) + '\"\/><\/g>' +\n      '<circle cx=\"' + x + '\" cy=\"' + (y - 19) + '\" r=\"7\" fill=\"' + c + '\"\/>';\n  }\n  function roadH() {\n    return '<rect x=\"0\" y=\"28\" width=\"340\" height=\"84\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#101010\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"0\" y1=\"33\" x2=\"340\" y2=\"33\" stroke=\"#2E2E2E\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"0\" y1=\"107\" x2=\"340\" y2=\"107\" stroke=\"#2E2E2E\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n      '<line x1=\"0\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"340\" y2=\"70\" stroke=\"#3D3D3D\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"16 13\"\/>';\n  }\n  function svgWrap(inner) {\n    return '<svg viewBox=\"0 0 340 142\" width=\"100%\" style=\"display:block\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">' + inner + '<\/svg>';\n  }\n  var DIAGRAMS = {\n    rear: function () {\n      return svgWrap(\n        roadH() +\n        streaks(42, 89, 0) + carTop(102, 89, 0, false) +\n        carTop(220, 89, 0, true) +\n        impact(161, 89) +\n        tag(102, 132, \"Striking vehicle\", false) + tag(220, 132, \"Your vehicle\", true)\n      );\n    },\n    head: function () {\n      return svgWrap(\n        roadH() +\n        streaks(40, 89, 0) + carTop(100, 89, 0, false) +\n        carTop(220, 89, 180, true) + streaks(280, 89, 180) +\n        impact(160, 89) +\n        tag(100, 132, \"Oncoming vehicle\", false) + tag(220, 132, \"Your vehicle\", true)\n      );\n    },\n    side: function () {\n      return svgWrap(\n        roadH() +\n        '<rect x=\"140\" y=\"0\" width=\"86\" height=\"142\" fill=\"#101010\"\/>' +\n        '<line x1=\"145\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"145\" y2=\"28\" stroke=\"#2E2E2E\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n        '<line x1=\"221\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"221\" y2=\"28\" stroke=\"#2E2E2E\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n        '<line x1=\"145\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"145\" y2=\"142\" stroke=\"#2E2E2E\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n        '<line x1=\"221\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"221\" y2=\"142\" stroke=\"#2E2E2E\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>' +\n        carTop(183, 92, 0, true) +\n        carTop(183, 16, 90, false) +\n        impact(183, 70) +\n        tag(72, 20, \"Striking vehicle\", false) + tag(72, 132, \"Your vehicle\", true)\n      );\n    },\n    roll: function () {\n      return svgWrap(\n        roadH() +\n        carTop(74, 86, 0, true, 0.22) +\n        carTop(160, 76, -34, true, 0.45) +\n        carTop(252, 68, -72, true, 1) +\n        '<path d=\"M96,34 A120,120 0 0 1 244,26\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8A8A8A\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>' +\n        '<path d=\"M244,26 L231,20 M244,26 L236,37\" stroke=\"#8A8A8A\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/>' +\n        tag(160, 132, \"Vehicle rolling over\", true)\n      );\n    },\n    ped: function () {\n      var zebra = \"\";\n      for (var i = 0; i < 6; i++) {\n        zebra += '<rect x=\"' + (152 + i * 15) + '\" y=\"34\" width=\"8\" height=\"72\" fill=\"#333333\"\/>';\n      }\n      return svgWrap(\n        roadH() + zebra +\n        streaks(38, 70, 0) + carTop(100, 70, 0, false) +\n        person(172, 68, true) +\n        impact(157, 68) +\n        tag(96, 132, \"Striking vehicle\", false) + tag(196, 132, \"Pedestrian\", true)\n      );\n    }\n  };\n\n  \/* ---------- helpers ---------- *\/\n  function sevColor(t) {\n    if (t < 0.45) return \"#F3B937\";\n    if (t < 0.75) return \"#F07E2D\";\n    return \"#E23A2E\";\n  }\n  function sevLabel(t) {\n    if (t < 0.45) return [\"Moderate risk\", \"#F3B937\"];\n    if (t < 0.75) return [\"Serious risk\", \"#F07E2D\"];\n    return [\"Critical risk\", \"#E23A2E\"];\n  }\n  function storyText(fallM) {\n    var stories = fallM \/ 3;\n    if (stories < 1) return \"below one story\";\n    if (stories < 1.6) return \"a 1 story building\";\n    return \"a \" + Math.round(stories) + \" story building\";\n  }\n  function animateNum(el, from, to, fmt) {\n    if (reduceMotion || from === to) { el.textContent = fmt(to); return; }\n    var start = performance.now(), dur = 420;\n    function step(now) {\n      var p = Math.min(1, (now - start) \/ dur);\n      p = 1 - Math.pow(1 - p, 3);\n      el.textContent = fmt(from + (to - from) * p);\n      if (p < 1) requestAnimationFrame(step);\n    }\n    requestAnimationFrame(step);\n  }\n\n  \/* ---------- per instance init ---------- *\/\n  function initApp(root) {\n    if (root.dataset.cpvInit) return;   \/* never double-bind an instance *\/\n    root.dataset.cpvInit = \"1\";\n    function q(sel) { return root.querySelector(sel); }\n\n    var state = {\n      crash: CRASH[root.dataset.crash] ? root.dataset.crash : \"rear\",\n      unit: root.dataset.units === \"kmh\" ? \"kmh\" : \"mph\",\n      mph: Math.max(10, Math.min(80, parseInt(root.dataset.speed || \"40\", 10) || 40))\n    };\n    var prev = { g: 0, fall: 0, stop: 0, risk: 0 };\n    var glowId = root.dataset.glow || \"cpvGlow\";\n\n    var slider = q('[data-cpv=\"range\"]');\n    var speedNum = q('[data-cpv=\"speed-num\"]');\n    var speedUnit = q('[data-cpv=\"speed-unit\"]');\n    if (!slider || !speedNum) return;\n    slider.value = state.mph;\n\n    function fmtSpeed(mph) {\n      return state.unit === \"kmh\" ? Math.round(mph * 1.60934) + \" km\/h\" : Math.round(mph) + \" mph\";\n    }\n    function speedFactor() { return Math.min(1, (state.mph - 10) \/ 60); }\n\n    function highlightZones(zones, on) {\n      root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-zone\").forEach(function (el) {\n        if (zones.indexOf(el.dataset.zone) > -1) el.classList.toggle(\"hover\", on);\n      });\n    }\n\n    function render() {\n      var c = CRASH[state.crash], mph = state.mph, v = mph * MPH_TO_MS;\n      var isM = state.unit === \"kmh\";\n\n      var fallM = (v * v) \/ (2 * G);\n      var brakeM = (v * v) \/ (2 * 0.7 * G);\n      var decelG = (v * v) \/ (2 * c.crush * G);\n      var risk = Math.max(0.001, c.risk(mph));\n\n      animateNum(q('[data-cpv=\"stat-g\"]'), prev.g, decelG, function (n) { return Math.round(n) + \"g\"; });\n      var fallVal = isM ? fallM : fallM * 3.28084;\n      animateNum(q('[data-cpv=\"stat-fall\"]'), prev.fall, fallVal, function (n) {\n        return isM ? (Math.round(n * 10) \/ 10) + \" m\" : Math.round(n) + \" ft\";\n      });\n      q('[data-cpv=\"stat-fall-lbl\"]').textContent = \"Equivalent to falling from \" + storyText(fallM);\n      var stopVal = isM ? brakeM : brakeM * 3.28084;\n      animateNum(q('[data-cpv=\"stat-stop\"]'), prev.stop, stopVal, function (n) {\n        return Math.round(n) + (isM ? \" m\" : \" ft\");\n      });\n      var riskEl = q('[data-cpv=\"stat-risk\"]');\n      animateNum(riskEl, prev.risk, risk * 100, function (n) { return Math.round(n) + \"%\"; });\n      riskEl.className = \"num \" + (risk > 0.5 ? \"risk-high\" : (risk > 0.2 ? \"risk-mid\" : \"\"));\n\n      prev = { g: decelG, fall: fallVal, stop: stopVal, risk: risk * 100 };\n\n      q('[data-cpv=\"heading\"]').textContent = c.label;\n      q('[data-cpv=\"diagram\"]').innerHTML = DIAGRAMS[state.crash]();\n      q('[data-cpv=\"narrative\"]').textContent = c.narrative(mph, fmtSpeed);\n\n      var list = q('[data-cpv=\"injury-list\"]');\n      list.innerHTML = \"\";\n      c.injuries.forEach(function (item) {\n        var li = document.createElement(\"li\");\n        var name = document.createElement(\"span\");\n        name.textContent = item.t;\n        var zone = document.createElement(\"span\");\n        zone.className = \"zone\";\n        zone.textContent = item.zl;\n        li.appendChild(name); li.appendChild(zone);\n        li.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", function () { highlightZones(item.z, true); });\n        li.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", function () { highlightZones(item.z, false); });\n        list.appendChild(li);\n      });\n\n      var sf = speedFactor();\n      root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-zone\").forEach(function (el) {\n        var w = c.zones[el.dataset.zone] || 0;\n        if (w > 0) {\n          var t = w * (0.35 + 0.65 * sf);\n          var col = sevColor(t);\n          el.style.fill = col;\n          el.style.fillOpacity = (0.55 + 0.35 * t).toFixed(2);\n          el.style.filter = t >= 0.7 ? \"url(#\" + glowId + \") drop-shadow(0 0 5px \" + col + \")\" : \"none\";\n        } else {\n          el.style.fill = \"transparent\";\n          el.style.filter = \"none\";\n        }\n      });\n\n      speedNum.textContent = isM ? Math.round(mph * 1.60934) : Math.round(mph);\n      speedUnit.textContent = isM ? \"km\/h\" : \"mph\";\n    }\n\n    \/* tooltip *\/\n    var tip = q('[data-cpv=\"tip\"]');\n    var panel = q(\".cpv-body-panel\");\n    function showTip(zone, evt) {\n      var c = CRASH[state.crash];\n      var w = c.zones[zone] || 0;\n      var t = w * (0.35 + 0.65 * speedFactor());\n      var sev = w > 0 ? sevLabel(t) : [\"Low involvement in this crash type\", \"#9A9A9A\"];\n      var items = c.injuries.filter(function (i) { return i.z.indexOf(zone) > -1; });\n      var html = '<div class=\"t-zone\">' + ZONE_LABELS[zone] + '<\/div>' +\n        '<div class=\"t-sev\" style=\"color:' + sev[1] + '\">' + sev[0] + '<\/div>';\n      if (items.length) {\n        html += '<ul>' + items.map(function (i) { return '<li>' + i.t + '<\/li>'; }).join(\"\") + '<\/ul>';\n      } else if (w > 0) {\n        html += '<ul><li>Elevated injury risk in this crash type<\/li><\/ul>';\n      }\n      tip.innerHTML = html;\n      tip.style.display = \"block\";\n      var r = panel.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var x = evt.clientX - r.left + 14, y = evt.clientY - r.top + 10;\n      if (x + 240 > r.width) x = r.width - 240;\n      if (x < 4) x = 4;\n      tip.style.left = x + \"px\";\n      tip.style.top = y + \"px\";\n      var th = tip.offsetHeight;\n      if (y + th > r.height - 4) y = Math.max(4, (evt.clientY - r.top) - th - 14);\n      tip.style.top = y + \"px\";\n    }\n    root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-zone\").forEach(function (el) {\n      el.addEventListener(\"pointermove\", function (e) { showTip(el.dataset.zone, e); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"pointerleave\", function () { tip.style.display = \"none\"; });\n      el.addEventListener(\"click\", function (e) { showTip(el.dataset.zone, e); e.stopPropagation(); });\n    });\n    document.addEventListener(\"click\", function () { tip.style.display = \"none\"; });\n\n    \/* events *\/\n    slider.addEventListener(\"input\", function () { state.mph = parseInt(slider.value, 10); render(); });\n    root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-crash-btn\").forEach(function (btn) {\n      btn.addEventListener(\"click\", function () {\n        root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-crash-btn\").forEach(function (b) { b.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", \"false\"); });\n        btn.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", \"true\");\n        state.crash = btn.dataset.crash;\n        render();\n      });\n    });\n    root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-unit-btn\").forEach(function (btn) {\n      btn.addEventListener(\"click\", function () {\n        root.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-unit-btn\").forEach(function (b) { b.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", \"false\"); });\n        btn.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", \"true\");\n        state.unit = btn.dataset.unit;\n        render();\n      });\n    });\n\n    render();\n  }\n\n  function boot() {\n    document.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-app\").forEach(initApp);\n\n    \/* content block scene slots: fill with the matching diagram unless a photo is present *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-row-media[data-scene]\").forEach(function (el) {\n      if (el.dataset.cpvFilled) return;\n      el.dataset.cpvFilled = \"1\";\n      var img = el.querySelector(\"img[src]\");\n      if ((!img || !img.getAttribute(\"src\")) && DIAGRAMS[el.dataset.scene]) {\n        el.innerHTML = DIAGRAMS[el.dataset.scene]();\n      }\n    });\n\n    \/* content block copy buttons *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll(\".cpv-copy\").forEach(function (btn) {\n      if (btn.dataset.cpvBound) return;\n      btn.dataset.cpvBound = \"1\";\n      btn.addEventListener(\"click\", function () {\n        var ta = btn.parentElement ? btn.parentElement.querySelector(\"textarea\") : null;\n        if (!ta) return;\n        ta.select();\n        var done = function () {\n          var t = btn.textContent;\n          btn.textContent = \"Copied\";\n          setTimeout(function () { btn.textContent = t; }, 1600);\n        };\n        if (navigator.clipboard && navigator.clipboard.writeText) {\n          navigator.clipboard.writeText(ta.value).then(done, function () { document.execCommand(\"copy\"); done(); });\n        } else {\n          document.execCommand(\"copy\"); done();\n        }\n      });\n    });\n  }\n\n  \/* boot at every safe moment; the per-element guards make repeats free.\n     window.jcaCpvBoot lets themes\/builders re-run it after injecting content. *\/\n  window.jcaCpvBoot = boot;\n  if (document.readyState !== \"loading\") boot();\n  document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", boot);\n  window.addEventListener(\"load\", boot);\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Interactive Safety Tool Car Crash Injuries by Speed: What a Collision Does to Your Body A free public safety tool from the Dallas car accident lawyers at J. Alexander Law Firm. Choose a collision type and set the impact speed. The figure shows where car crash injuries concentrate on the body; the panel shows the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_titles_title":"Free Tool Shows How Car Crash Injuries Change With Speed","_seopress_titles_desc":"J. 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