{"id":5605,"date":"2026-09-22T19:13:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T19:13:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/?p=5605"},"modified":"2026-09-23T21:12:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T21:12:51","slug":"estudio-sobre-las-camaras-de-semaforo-en-texas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/es\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Estudio sobre las c\u00e1maras de sem\u00e1foro en Texas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@graph\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\r\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/#webpage\",\r\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Texas Red Light Cameras After HB 1631 | Research Project\",\r\n      \"description\": \"A public research project on the 2019 Texas red light camera shutdown: the published evidence, the records, and a pre registered plan to measure what changed.\",\r\n      \"datePublished\": \"2026-09-22\",\r\n      \"dateModified\": \"2026-09-22\",\r\n      \"isPartOf\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/#website\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"breadcrumb\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/#breadcrumb\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en\",\r\n      \"reviewedBy\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/#josh-alexander\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"mainEntity\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/#article\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Article\",\r\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/#article\",\r\n      \"headline\": \"The Texas Red Light Camera Shutdown: The Evidence So Far and the Study Texas Still Needs\",\r\n      \"description\": \"A pre registered natural experiment on the 2019 Texas red light camera ban (HB 1631): the published evidence on cameras on versus cameras off, the grandfathered control cities, the data quality problems in the state's own reports, and the locked study design.\",\r\n      \"author\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/#firm\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"publisher\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/#firm\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"datePublished\": \"2026-09-22\",\r\n      \"dateModified\": \"2026-09-22\",\r\n      \"mainEntityOfPage\": {\r\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/#webpage\"\r\n      },\r\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\r\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/#breadcrumb\",\r\n      \"itemListElement\": [\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\r\n          \"position\": 1,\r\n          \"name\": \"Home\",\r\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/\"\r\n        },\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\r\n          \"position\": 2,\r\n          \"name\": \"Tools\",\r\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/\"\r\n        },\r\n        {\r\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\r\n          \"position\": 3,\r\n          \"name\": \"Texas Red Light Camera Ban Study\",\r\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study\/\"\r\n        }\r\n      ]\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\r\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/#website\",\r\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/\",\r\n      \"name\": \"J. 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.arr,.jalex-study .press-row a .arr,.jalex-study .bio-side{ display: none !important; }\r\n.jalex-study .bio-hero-photo::after,.jalex-study .cta-band::before{ content: none !important; }\r\n.jalex-study .bio-body-grid{ display: block; }\r\n.jalex-study .press-row a,.jalex-study .meta-stack .cell,.jalex-study .pull{ border: 1pt solid #000 !important; break-inside: avoid; }\r\n.jalex-study .btn{ border: 1pt solid #000 !important; }\r\n.jalex-study .bio-hero-photo{ box-shadow: none; border: 1pt solid #000; }\r\n.jalex-study .bio-content [style*=\"border\"]{ border-color: #000 !important; }\r\n.jalex-study .bio-content ul[role=\"list\"] > li,.jalex-study .bio-content ol[role=\"list\"] > li,.jalex-study .bio-content div[style*=\"background\"]{ break-inside: avoid; }\r\n.jalex-study span[style*=\"width:3px\"]{ background: #000 !important; }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"jalex-study\">\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"bio-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"hero-title\">\r\n    <div class=\"bio-hero-grid\">\r\n      <div class=\"bio-hero-text\">\r\n        <div class=\"bio-hero-eyebrow\">\r\n          <span class=\"stripe\"><\/span>\r\n          <span>Original Research Project | September 2026<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <h1 id=\"hero-title\">\r\n          <span class=\"first\">The Texas Red Light<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"last\">Camera Shutdown<\/span>\r\n        <\/h1>\r\n        <p style=\"order:2;font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:600;font-size:clamp(17px,1.7vw,21px);line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-2);margin:0 0 14px;letter-spacing:-0.01em;max-width:560px\">What happened when Texas turned off the cameras?<\/p>\r\n        <p style=\"order:2;font-size:15px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--text-2);margin:0 0 26px;max-width:560px\">This study examines the evidence on both sides of the red light camera debate, identifies gaps in the existing Texas data, and sets out a public, pre registered design for measuring what changed after the statewide shutdown.<\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"role\">\r\n          <span class=\"pill\">Public Records | HB 1631 (2019)<\/span>\r\n          <span>Sources: TxDOT &middot; CRIS &middot; TTI &middot; IIHS &middot; FHWA &middot; NHTSA<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"meta-stack\">\r\n          <div class=\"cell\">\r\n            <div class=\"k\">Cities off within one week<\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"v gold\">57 of 61<\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"cell\">\r\n            <div class=\"k\">Ban effective<\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"v\">June 2, 2019<\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"cell\">\r\n            <div class=\"k\">Fatal RLR crashes after shutdowns<\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"v\">Up 30% (IIHS)<\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"cell\">\r\n            <div class=\"k\">Studies of the Texas shutdown<\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"v\">None identified<\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"bio-hero-photo\" style=\"aspect-ratio:auto;min-height:440px;display:flex\">\r\n        <div style=\"position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;gap:1rem;padding:2.4rem;width:100%\">\r\n          <div style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.2em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);font-weight:600\">The natural experiment<\/div>\r\n          <div style=\"font-family:var(--serif);font-style:italic;font-size:clamp(2.6rem,4.5vw,3.6rem);line-height:1;color:var(--gold)\">June 2019<\/div>\r\n          <div style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin-top:.4rem\">\r\n            <div style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:baseline;border-top:1px solid var(--rule-2);padding-top:.65rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;color:var(--text)\">57 of 61<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem\">cities switched off within one week<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:baseline;border-top:1px solid var(--rule-2);padding-top:.65rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;color:var(--text)\">4<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem\">cities continued under grandfathered contracts<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:baseline;border-top:1px solid var(--rule-2);padding-top:.65rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;color:var(--text)\">2039<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem\">the year Leon Valley&#39;s contract runs to<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:baseline;border-top:1px solid var(--rule-2);padding-top:.65rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;color:var(--gold)\">None<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem\">published studies of the shutdown identified<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"service-ribbon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n    <div class=\"ribbon-track\">\r\n      <div class=\"item\">\r\n        <span>&#9733;<\/span>\r\n        <span>HB 1631<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>TxDOT CRIS<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>TTI<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>IIHS<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>FHWA<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>Public Records Only<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"item\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n        <span>&#9733;<\/span>\r\n        <span>HB 1631<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>TxDOT CRIS<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>TTI<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>IIHS<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>FHWA<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n        <span>Public Records Only<\/span><span class=\"dot\">&middot;<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"bio-body\" aria-label=\"Texas red light camera shutdown research project\">\r\n    <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n      <div class=\"bio-body-grid\">\r\n\r\n        <aside class=\"bio-side\">\r\n          <div class=\"side-title\">On this page<\/div>\r\n          <nav aria-label=\"On this page\">\r\n          <ul role=\"list\">\r\n            <li><a href=\"#experiment\" class=\"active\" aria-current=\"true\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Natural Experiment<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#ban\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"t\">What Texas Changed<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#compare\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"t\">Cameras On vs. Cameras Off<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#houston\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Houston Test Case<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#dispute\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"t\">Crashes vs. Deaths<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#data\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span class=\"t\">Why the Public Data Is Not Enough<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#study\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Study Design<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#drivers\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">08<\/span><span class=\"t\">What It Means for Drivers<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#methods\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">09<\/span><span class=\"t\">Methods and Limitations<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#sources\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">10<\/span><span class=\"t\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#about\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">11<\/span><span class=\"t\">About This Project<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <li><a href=\"#contact\"><span class=\"n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">12<\/span><span class=\"t\">Contact<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n          <\/nav>\r\n          <div class=\"side-links\">\r\n            <div class=\"side-title\">Explore the firm<\/div>\r\n            <ul role=\"list\">\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-after-school-crash-window\/\">After School Crash Window <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/most-dangerous-intersections-in-texas\/\">Dangerous Intersections in Texas <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/practice-areas\/car-accident-lawyers\/\">Car Accident Lawyers <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/contact-us\/\">Contact the Firm <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/aside>\r\n        <div class=\"bio-content\">\r\n          <section id=\"experiment\" aria-labelledby=\"experiment-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">01<\/span>The Natural Experiment<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"experiment-title\">The Largest Red Light Camera Shutdown <span class=\"accent\">in U.S. History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>On June 1, 2019, Governor Greg Abbott signed House Bill 1631. The statewide ban on photographic traffic signal enforcement took effect the next day.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Within one week, 57 of the 61 Texas cities operating red light camera programs had shut them down.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Before Texas acted, most research on camera removal involved one city at a time. Houston, for example, shut down its program after a 2010 referendum. Other studies examined small groups of cities that ended their programs over several years.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Texas created something much larger: dozens of camera programs ended almost simultaneously, while four cities continued operating under grandfathered vendor contracts.<\/p>\r\n            <p>That makes the 2019 shutdown a rare natural experiment.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">Texas did not simply end a handful of camera programs. It created an opportunity to compare dozens of intersections before and after enforcement ended.<\/div>\r\n            <p>No published study has yet measured what happened at Texas camera intersections after the June 2019 shutdown at the intersection level.<\/p>\r\n            <p>This project is designed to fill that gap.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">Why This Matters<\/h3>\r\n            <p>Four features make the Texas shutdown especially useful for research:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Scale and timing. Dozens of cities ended camera enforcement within days of the same statewide law taking effect.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>A continuing comparison group. Leon Valley continued operating cameras under a grandfathered contract that runs through 2039. Amarillo, Balcones Heights, and Humble also shut down later than most Texas cities, creating additional comparison points.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>A severity question, not just a crash count question. The central dispute is whether cameras reduce the most harmful crashes, even if they increase less severe rear end crashes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Intersection level analysis. Camera locations can be mapped, allowing researchers to compare changes at individual intersections rather than relying only on statewide totals.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <div class=\"pull\">Texas created the largest red light camera removal event in American history. No one has fully measured its results.<\/div>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"ban\" aria-labelledby=\"ban-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">02<\/span>What Texas Changed<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"ban-title\">What House Bill 1631 <span class=\"accent\">Did<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>House Bill 1631 banned photographic traffic signal enforcement throughout Texas.<\/p>\r\n            <p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.txdot.gov\/safety\/traffic-signs-signals\/red-light-cameras.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">TxDOT<\/a>, the law took effect on June 2, 2019, one day after Governor Abbott signed it. Some accounts state that the ban took effect later in 2019, but the effective date was immediate.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The law included a limited exception. A city could continue its camera program if:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Its camera ordinance and vendor contract existed before May 7, 2019; and<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Its contract did not contain a provision allowing termination if the Legislature banned red light cameras.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>Four cities qualified for that exception.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:1.2rem 0\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.5;min-width:540px\">\r\n              <caption style=\"caption-side:top;text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);padding:0 .8rem .6rem\">The shutoff timeline<\/caption>\r\n              <thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">City or group<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Cameras ended<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Details<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">57 of 61 Texas camera cities<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">June 2019<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Programs shut down within one week of the law taking effect<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Amarillo<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">August 29, 2022<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">The city issued 331,556 citations during its 15 year program, including 76,278 in its final year<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Balcones Heights<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">May 24, 2024<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Cameras remained in place but became inactive<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Humble<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">June 2024<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">The city&#39;s contract ran through mid 2024<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Leon Valley<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--gold);font-weight:700\">Still operating<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Its contract runs through 2039; the city filed camera data through June 2025<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table><\/div>\r\n            <p>The statewide program was not financially insignificant. According to the Texas Comptroller, as reported by KERA News, red light cameras generated more than $706 million statewide after 2007. Half of net revenue supported trauma care funding.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Houston alone mailed more than 800,000 camera tickets valued at approximately $44 million between 2006 and 2010.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">The purpose of this project is not to relitigate the politics of the ban. It is to measure what changed after the cameras were turned off.<\/div><p style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:1rem 0 0\">Sources: TxDOT red light camera pages; <a href=\"https:\/\/capitol.texas.gov\/BillLookup\/History.aspx?LegSess=86R&#038;Bill=HB1631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">HB 1631 bill record<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/hro.house.texas.gov\/pdf\/ba86r\/hb1631.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">House Research Organization analysis (PDF)<\/a>; revenue figures attributed in the text.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"compare\" aria-labelledby=\"compare-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">03<\/span>Cameras On vs. Cameras Off<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"compare-title\">What Existing Research <span class=\"accent\">Shows<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>The existing evidence falls into two categories:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Studies measuring what happened after cameras were installed.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Studies measuring what happened after cameras were removed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>The findings are not identical, but they show a consistent tradeoff: cameras tend to reduce right angle crashes and increase rear end crashes.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">The unresolved question is whether the reduction in severe angle crashes outweighs the increase in generally less severe rear end crashes.<\/div><div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:1.2rem 0\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.5;min-width:620px\">\r\n              <caption style=\"caption-side:top;text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);padding:0 .8rem .6rem\">Each cell is a separate published study; sections 04 and 05 give the details<\/caption>\r\n              <thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Outcome<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">When cameras were activated<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">When cameras were removed<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Fatal red light running crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 21% in an IIHS study of 57 U.S. cities<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--gold);font-weight:700\">Up 30% in an IIHS study of 14 U.S. cities<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">All fatal crashes at signalized intersections<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 14% in the IIHS study<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--gold);font-weight:700\">Up 16% in the IIHS study<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Right angle red light crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 24% in a TTI study of 254 Texas intersections<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Up 26% for angle crashes after Houston removed cameras<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Rear end crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Up 37% in the TTI Texas study<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 19% for other crash types after Houston removed cameras<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">All red light running crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 20% in the TTI Texas study<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Up 20% after Houston deactivated cameras in a separate TTI analysis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Total crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 26% in a Texas comparison group study<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Down 4% after Houston&#39;s removal, a change that was not statistically significant<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table><\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"background:var(--bg-2);border:1px solid var(--rule-2);border-radius:6px;padding:1.2rem 1.2rem 1rem;margin:1.2rem 0\" aria-label=\"Chart of percent changes reported by published red light camera studies\">\r\n              <div style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)\">The published effects, drawn to one scale<\/div>\r\n              <div style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);margin:1rem 0 .6rem\">After cameras turned on<\/div>\r\n            <ul role=\"list\" style=\"list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.4rem\">\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Fatal red light running (IIHS, 57 cities)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:56.8%;background:rgba(250,250,250,0.35);border-radius:2px 0 0 2px\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--muted)\">Down 21%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Fatal at signalized intersections (IIHS)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:37.8%;background:rgba(250,250,250,0.35);border-radius:2px 0 0 2px\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--muted)\">Down 14%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Right angle red light crashes (TTI, Texas)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:64.9%;background:rgba(250,250,250,0.35);border-radius:2px 0 0 2px\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--muted)\">Down 24%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">All red light running (TTI, Texas)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:54.1%;background:rgba(250,250,250,0.35);border-radius:2px 0 0 2px\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--muted)\">Down 20%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Rear end red light crashes (TTI, Texas)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:100.0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-deep));border-radius:0 2px 2px 0\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--gold)\">Up 37%<\/span><\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n              <div style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);margin:1rem 0 .6rem\">After cameras turned off<\/div>\r\n            <ul role=\"list\" style=\"list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.4rem\">\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Fatal red light running (IIHS, 14 cities)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:81.1%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-deep));border-radius:0 2px 2px 0\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--gold)\">Up 30%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Fatal at signalized intersections (IIHS)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:43.2%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-deep));border-radius:0 2px 2px 0\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--gold)\">Up 16%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Angle crashes (Houston, Gallagher and Fisher)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:70.3%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-deep));border-radius:0 2px 2px 0\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--gold)\">Up 26%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">All red light running (Houston deactivation)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:54.1%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-deep));border-radius:0 2px 2px 0\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--gold)\">Up 20%<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,220px) 1fr 58px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.35\">Other crash types (Houston)<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:flex;height:12px\"><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-right:1px solid var(--rule-2)\"><span style=\"display:block;height:12px;width:51.4%;background:rgba(250,250,250,0.35);border-radius:2px 0 0 2px\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"flex:1;display:flex\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--muted)\">Down 19%<\/span><\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n              <div style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.64rem;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);margin-top:.9rem;line-height:1.6\">Every bar is a percent change reported by the cited study; left of the center line is a decrease, right is an increase. This is the format the Texas findings will be published in.<\/div>\r\n            <\/div><h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">Evidence From Texas Camera Programs<\/h3>\r\n            <p>The Texas A&amp;M Transportation Institute evaluated camera programs while they were operating. Its research included the following findings:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>An Empirical Bayes study of 254 signalized intersections in 32 Texas jurisdictions found that red light running crashes decreased by 20%, right angle red light running crashes decreased by 24%, and rear end crashes increased by 37%.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>An earlier comparison group study of 296 intersections in 39 Texas communities found a 26% decline in total crashes, a 19% decline in right angle crashes, and a 44% increase in rear end crashes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The TTI research concluded that cameras produced a statistically significant safety benefit primarily at intersections that already experienced at least four red light running crashes per year. At lower volume locations, the benefit was not statistically significant.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>The basic pattern is consistent across studies:<\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"pull\">Cameras tend to reduce angle crashes and increase rear end crashes.<\/div>\r\n            <p>What researchers disagree about is whether that tradeoff improves overall safety, especially when deaths and serious injuries are considered.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"houston\" aria-labelledby=\"houston-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">04<\/span>The Houston Test Case<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"houston-title\">What Happened When Houston <span class=\"accent\">Turned Off Its Cameras?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>Houston provides the closest pre 2019 example of a Texas city removing red light cameras.<\/p>\r\n            <p>After a voter referendum in November 2010, Houston shut down cameras at 66 intersections. Economists Justin Gallagher and Paul Fisher studied 12 years of geocoded Houston crash data, using Dallas camera intersections and Houston intersections without cameras as comparison groups. Their research was published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justinpgallagher.com\/pdfs\/Gallagher-and-Fisher.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy in 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(230px,1fr));gap:1rem;margin:1.2rem 0\"><div style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.3rem;background:var(--panel);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;color:var(--gold)\">Up 26%<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.5\">Angle crashes at former camera intersections.<\/span><\/div><div style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.3rem;background:var(--panel);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;color:var(--gold)\">Down 19%<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.5\">Other crash types, primarily rear end crashes.<\/span><\/div><div style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.3rem;background:var(--panel);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;color:var(--gold)\">Down 4%<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.5\">Total crashes; the change was not statistically significant.<\/span><\/div><div style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.3rem;background:var(--panel);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--heading);font-weight:800;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;color:var(--gold)\">No evidence<\/span><span style=\"color:var(--text-2);font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.5\">That camera enforcement had reduced injuries.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n            <p>The study found that the number of red light tickets fell by 99.9% in the year after the shutdown. That suggests the cameras clearly affected driver behavior, even though total crash counts changed little.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The authors also found that roughly three times as many Houston crashes occurred within 200 feet of an intersection as occurred at other distances. That finding is why the planned Texas study uses a 200 foot radius around each camera intersection.<\/p>\r\n            <p>A separate Texas A&amp;M Transportation Institute analysis of 48 Houston intersections (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28882258\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">Ko and Wunderlich, Journal of Safety Research, 2017<\/a>) found:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Red light running crashes fell 37% when cameras were activated.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Red light running crashes rose 20% after cameras were deactivated.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Right angle red light running crashes increased 23% after deactivation.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Crashes also increased at nearby intersections that never had cameras, suggesting that enforcement may have affected driver behavior beyond the camera locations themselves.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>Houston is important, but it is not a complete answer. It involved one city, 66 intersections, and a shutdown that occurred nine years before the statewide Texas ban.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">Houston is a benchmark for the Texas study, not a substitute for it.<\/div>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"dispute\" aria-labelledby=\"dispute-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">05<\/span>Crashes vs. Deaths<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"dispute-title\">Why the Red Light Camera Debate Depends on <span class=\"accent\">What You Count<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>The red light camera debate often appears contradictory because different studies measure different outcomes.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Some studies focus on total crashes. Others focus on fatal crashes. Both approaches can produce valid findings, but they answer different questions.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(260px,1fr));gap:1rem;margin:1.2rem 0\"><div style=\"background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--rule-2);border-radius:6px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem\"><div style=\"font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);margin-bottom:.5rem\">When the focus is total crashes<\/div><p style=\"margin:0;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.65\">Gallagher and Fisher counted all Houston crashes after the city removed its cameras. They found no statistically significant change in total crashes and no evidence that cameras reduced injuries. Under that framework, cameras may have shifted crashes from one type to another without producing an overall safety benefit.<\/p><\/div><div style=\"background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--rule-2);border-radius:6px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem\"><div style=\"font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);margin-bottom:.5rem\">When the focus is fatal crashes<\/div><p style=\"margin:0;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.65\">The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety compared 14 cities that ended camera programs with 29 matched cities that kept them. After camera programs ended, fatal red light running crash rates were 30% higher, and all fatal crashes at signalized intersections were 16% higher.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n            <p>Both findings can be true at the same time.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Right angle crashes are generally less common than rear end crashes, but they are often more severe. A vehicle struck from the side at speed has less structural protection than a vehicle involved in many rear end crashes. That means a camera program could leave total crash counts relatively unchanged while still affecting serious injuries and deaths.<\/p>\r\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/813403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">NHTSA estimates the average economic cost of one traffic fatality at $1.6 million<\/a>. When the value of lost quality of life is included, the comprehensive cost rises to $11.3 million. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/publications\/research\/safety\/05048\/05048.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">FHWA&#39;s national camera evaluation<\/a> ties angle, rear end, and other crash costs to injury severity for the same reason.<\/p>\r\n            <p>For that reason, the planned Texas study will not rely only on crash counts. It will also weight crashes by injury severity and estimated economic cost.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">The core question is not simply whether cameras changed the number of crashes. It is whether ending camera enforcement increased or reduced the overall harm caused by crashes.<\/div><h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">National Context<\/h3>\r\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/research-areas\/red-light-running\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">IIHS reported 1,119 deaths from red light running crashes in the United States in 2024<\/a>, up from 711 deaths in 2014. That is an increase of nearly 60% over 10 years. More than 141,000 people were injured in red light running crashes in 2024.<\/p>\r\n            <p>About half of the people killed in these crashes were not the drivers who ran the red light. They were passengers, occupants of other vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, and other road users.<\/p>\r\n            <div style=\"background:var(--bg-2);border:1px solid var(--rule-2);border-radius:6px;padding:1.2rem 1.2rem 1rem;margin:1.2rem 0\">\r\n              <div style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:.9rem\">U.S. deaths in red light running crashes (IIHS analysis of FARS data)<\/div>\r\n            <ul role=\"list\" aria-label=\"Bar chart of United States red light running deaths, 2014 versus 2024\" style=\"list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem\">\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr 52px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;color:var(--muted);text-align:right\">2014<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:block;height:16px;border-radius:2px;background:rgba(250,250,250,0.22);width:63.5%\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;color:var(--muted)\">711<\/span><\/li>\r\n              <li style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr 52px;gap:.6rem;align-items:center\"><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;color:var(--muted);text-align:right\">2024<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:block;height:16px;border-radius:2px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-deep));width:100%\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;color:var(--gold)\">1,119<\/span><\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"data\" aria-labelledby=\"data-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">06<\/span>Why the Public Data Is Not Enough<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"data-title\">Texas Has Camera Reports, but the Crash Counts <span class=\"accent\">Cannot Be Taken at Face Value<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>Texas law required camera cities to file annual reports with TxDOT. Cities used Form 2321 before activating cameras and Form 2322 after activation. These reports were intended to identify camera locations and report crash information by crash type.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The reports are available through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.txdot.gov\/safety\/traffic-signs-signals\/red-light-cameras\/annual-reports.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">TxDOT&#39;s red light camera annual report archive<\/a>. They appear to be the obvious source for evaluating the programs. They are not reliable enough to serve as the primary crash dataset.<\/p>\r\n            <p>We reviewed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.txdot.gov\/content\/dam\/docs\/division\/trf\/red-light\/2025\/leon-valley.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">Leon Valley&#39;s Form 2322 report for July 2024 through June 2025<\/a> and checked whether the internal numbers added up:<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:1.2rem 0\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.5;min-width:580px\">\r\n              <caption style=\"caption-side:top;text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);padding:0 .8rem .6rem\">Leon Valley Form 2322 as filed with TxDOT, July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025<\/caption>\r\n              <thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Camera location<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Filed total crashes<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Issue within the filing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Northbound Bandera at Poss<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">5<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">The report lists 5 right angle crashes and 5 rear end crashes, which together exceed the stated total<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Northbound Bandera at Huebner<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">17<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Listed crash categories total 13, leaving 4 crashes unexplained<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Northbound Bandera at Loop 410<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">14<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Crash categories total 12; an injury subcategory exceeds the stated injury total<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Northbound Bandera at Wurzbach<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">21<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Listed categories total 19<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Bandera at Grissom<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">19 northbound<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--gold);font-weight:700\">The same intersection is listed as 8 southbound, creating inconsistent totals by approach<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table><\/div>\r\n            <p>TxDOT states that the reports are published as submitted and were not verified by the agency for completeness or accuracy.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The city reports are useful for certain purposes:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Identifying camera intersections.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Confirming activation and shutdown dates.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Identifying citation counts.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Reviewing signal timing information where reported.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>However, the crash counts must be rebuilt using TxDOT&#39;s Crash Records Information System, or CRIS.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">The city reports identify the camera locations. CRIS must be used to identify what actually happened at those locations.<\/div>\r\n            <p>The raw records for the build are already public and identified. So far this project has pulled:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Form 2321 pre activation reports covering 25 camera cities, and Form 2322 post activation filings for 2018 through 2023, from TxDOT&#39;s red light camera report archive.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Leon Valley&#39;s current Form 2322 filing, from TxDOT&#39;s live site, reproduced and checked above.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Camera locations, activation dates, shutoff dates, and citation counts drawn from those filings and from contemporaneous public reporting.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The archived Texas Tribune red light camera data application, which mapped Texas camera locations, citations, and revenue during the program years.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>The same caution applies to anecdotal reporting about individual intersections. For example, the Dallas Morning News reported in February 2020 that crashes at one Dallas intersection had &quot;quadrupled&quot; after cameras were shut off. The reported comparison was two crashes in the five months before the ban and eight crashes in the roughly five months after.<\/p>\r\n            <p>That is not enough information to establish a meaningful trend. It is a small number of events at one location, measured over unequal time periods, at an intersection selected because of its crash history. It illustrates the evidence gap. It does not resolve it.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"study\" aria-labelledby=\"study-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">07<\/span>The Study Design<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"study-title\">A Public Methodology <span class=\"accent\">Set Before the Results<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>This page is a pre registration of the planned analysis.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The methodology is being published before the final model is run so the study parameters are visible in advance. The purpose is simple: the research question, comparison groups, time periods, and outcome measures should not be selected after reviewing the results.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:1.2rem 0\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.5;min-width:540px\">\r\n              <thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Study element<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Pre registered design<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Research question<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Did crash type and crash severity change at Texas intersections that lost red light cameras after June 2, 2019?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Primary treatment group<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Camera intersections in approximately 57 cities that shut down programs in June 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Staggered shutdowns<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Amarillo from September 2022; Balcones Heights from June 2024; Humble from July 2024<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Control group A<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Leon Valley, where cameras remain active under a contract through 2039<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Control group B<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Matched non camera signalized intersections in the same cities<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Control group C<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Signalized intersections in San Antonio, which did not operate a camera program<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Crash radius<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">200 feet from each intersection center<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Pre shutdown period<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">June 1, 2016, through May 31, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Post shutdown period<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">July 1, 2019, forward; June 2019 excluded<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Primary outcomes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Angle crashes, rear end crashes, total crashes, injury crashes, and red light related crashes<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Statistical models<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Poisson and negative binomial regression with intersection and month fixed effects<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Severity weighting<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">KABCO injury codes mapped to FHWA unit crash costs and NHTSA injury cost estimates<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700\">Robustness checks<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Repeat analysis without 2020 to 2021 data; compare 150 foot and 250 foot radii; exclude cities with less than 90% geocoding completeness<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table><\/div>\r\n            <details style=\"margin:1.2rem 0;border:1px solid var(--rule-2);border-radius:6px;background:var(--bg-2)\"><summary style=\"cursor:pointer;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700\">Copy the pre registered study design (CSV)<\/summary><pre style=\"margin:0;padding:1rem 1.1rem;overflow-x:auto;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;line-height:1.7;color:var(--text-2);border-top:1px solid var(--rule-2)\">study_element,pre_registered_design\r\n\"Research question\",\"Did crash type and crash severity change at Texas intersections that lost red light cameras after June 2, 2019?\"\r\n\"Primary treatment group\",\"Camera intersections in approximately 57 cities that shut down programs in June 2019\"\r\n\"Staggered shutdowns\",\"Amarillo from September 2022; Balcones Heights from June 2024; Humble from July 2024\"\r\n\"Control group A\",\"Leon Valley, where cameras remain active under a contract through 2039\"\r\n\"Control group B\",\"Matched non camera signalized intersections in the same cities\"\r\n\"Control group C\",\"Signalized intersections in San Antonio, which did not operate a camera program\"\r\n\"Crash radius\",\"200 feet from each intersection center\"\r\n\"Pre shutdown period\",\"June 1, 2016, through May 31, 2019\"\r\n\"Post shutdown period\",\"July 1, 2019, forward; June 2019 excluded\"\r\n\"Primary outcomes\",\"Angle crashes, rear end crashes, total crashes, injury crashes, and red light related crashes\"\r\n\"Statistical models\",\"Poisson and negative binomial regression with intersection and month fixed effects\"\r\n\"Severity weighting\",\"KABCO injury codes mapped to FHWA unit crash costs and NHTSA injury cost estimates\"\r\n\"Robustness checks\",\"Repeat analysis without 2020 to 2021 data; compare 150 foot and 250 foot radii; exclude cities with less than 90% geocoding completeness\"<\/pre><\/details><h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">What the Study Will Test<\/h3>\r\n            <p>The analysis will examine whether the shutdown changed:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The number of angle crashes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The number of rear end crashes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The total number of crashes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The number of injury crashes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The number of crashes coded as red light related.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The overall severity weighted economic cost of crashes.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>The study is designed to test competing possibilities fairly.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">If angle crashes increased while rear end crashes declined, Texas may have traded less severe rear end crashes for more dangerous right angle crashes. If no meaningful changes occurred, camera enforcement may not have delivered the safety benefit some cities claimed, and resources may be better directed toward signal timing, intersection design, visibility improvements, engineering controls, or other safety measures. The result will be published whether it supports or challenges the safety case for red light cameras.<\/div>\r\n            <p>The final release will include:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The intersection level dataset.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>City by city findings.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>A map of camera intersections and comparison sites.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>The underlying CRIS query methodology.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Clear reporting of uncertainty and data limitations.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>To protect privacy and prevent misleading percentage changes based on very small numbers, intersections with fewer than five crashes during either comparison period will be shown as a dash rather than a percentage. No individual person will be identified.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">The Planned Dataset<\/h3>\r\n            <p>The final dataset will contain one row per camera intersection per month, in this structure:<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:1.2rem 0\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.5;min-width:460px\">\r\n              <caption style=\"caption-side:top;text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);padding:0 .8rem .6rem\">One row per camera intersection per month<\/caption>\r\n              <thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th style=\"text-align:left;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2)\" scope=\"col\">Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">city<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Houston<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">intersection_name<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Main St. and First Ave.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">latitude, longitude<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Intersection coordinates<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">camera_status<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Active or shut down<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">shutdown_date<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">2019-06-02<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">treatment_group<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">June 2019 shutdown; staggered shutdown; active control; non camera control<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">month<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">2021-04<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">crash_radius<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">200 feet<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">total_crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">4<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">angle_crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">1<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">rear_end_crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">2<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">injury_crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">2<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">fatal_crashes<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">0<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">kabco_severity<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Aggregated severity fields<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">severity_weighted_cost<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">Calculated estimate<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">data_source<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">TxDOT CRIS<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem\">geocoding_confidence<\/td><td style=\"padding:.6rem .8rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-2);color:var(--text-2)\">High, medium, or excluded<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table><\/div><p style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:1rem 0 0\">Illustrative structure only. The example values show the format of a row, not measured results.<\/p>\r\n            <p style=\"margin-top:1.2rem\">That structure is what will make the dataset original even though every underlying record is public: this project selects the intersections, defines the inclusion rules, links locations to crash records, creates the time windows, builds the controls, calculates the measures, and documents the methodology. Original research frequently uses public government data.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"drivers\" aria-labelledby=\"drivers-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">08<\/span>What It Means for Drivers<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"drivers-title\">Proving Fault After <span class=\"accent\">a Red Light Crash<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>The statewide ban did more than end an enforcement program. It also removed one potential source of evidence.<\/p>\r\n            <p>When two drivers disagree about who had the green light, fault may now depend more heavily on the evidence that remains available after a crash. That evidence can include:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Vehicle event data recorders, which may show speed, braking, steering, throttle position, and other information from the seconds before impact.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Traffic signal timing records, which can help establish the signal sequence at a particular intersection.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Private video footage, including business surveillance systems, home doorbell cameras, dash cameras, and nearby traffic cameras.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Witness statements, especially from drivers, pedestrians, or nearby business employees.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Physical evidence, including impact angles, vehicle damage, debris fields, skid marks, and final vehicle positions.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Crash reconstruction evidence, where the collision involves serious injuries, disputed fault, or significant financial consequences.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>The direct answer to a common question is this:<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">Red light cameras have been banned in Texas since June 2, 2019. Leon Valley is the remaining exception because it operates under a grandfathered contract.<\/div><p style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:1rem 0 0\">This section is educational only and is not legal advice.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"methods\" aria-labelledby=\"methods-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">09<\/span>Methods and Limitations<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"methods-title\">How the Study Works, <span class=\"accent\">and Where It Can Fall Short<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>This page presents the evidence base, the known weaknesses in publicly available records, and the study design that will be applied to the CRIS data. The final findings will be published with the underlying dataset and methodology.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">1. Source of Crash Data<\/h3>\r\n            <p>The planned analysis will use <a href=\"https:\/\/cris.dot.state.tx.us\/public\/Query\/app\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">TxDOT&#39;s Crash Records Information System<\/a> as the primary source for crash counts. CRIS includes reportable Texas crashes from 2014 forward and may include information such as:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Crash coordinates.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Date and time.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Manner of collision.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Contributing factors.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Injury severity under the KABCO framework.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Other crash level fields needed for intersection level analysis.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <p>City camera reports will be used only for camera locations, activation dates, shutdown dates, citation counts, and signal timing information.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">2. Why the Study Uses a 200 Foot Radius<\/h3>\r\n            <p>Gallagher and Fisher found that crashes were substantially more concentrated within 200 feet of Houston intersections than at other nearby distances. The 200 foot radius follows that established design. The study will also test 150 foot and 250 foot radii to determine whether the results depend on the chosen distance.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">3. Known Confounding Factors<\/h3>\r\n            <p>No observational study can eliminate every alternative explanation. The primary risks include:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>COVID-19 traffic changes in 2020 and 2021. The study will use matched control intersections and will rerun the analysis without those years.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Regression to the mean. Camera programs were often installed at high crash intersections. The study therefore uses multi year pre shutdown periods and comparison intersections rather than relying on simple before and after counts.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Signal timing changes. Cities may have adjusted yellow light timing, traffic signal phasing, or intersection design after camera removal. Available signal timing records will be reviewed, and locations with documented changes will be flagged.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Vehicle safety technology. Automatic emergency braking and other safety systems may have reduced rear end crashes over time, affecting camera and non camera intersections alike.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Geocoding quality. The analysis will test whether results change when cities with lower geocoding completeness are excluded.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3 style=\"font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text);margin:2.4rem 0 .9rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em\">4. Source Discipline<\/h3>\r\n            <p>Several widely repeated claims about Texas red light cameras could not be verified through primary sources or clearly attributed reporting. Those claims are not included here.<\/p>\r\n            <p>This study will distinguish between:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.65rem;margin:1rem 0 1.2rem;padding:0;list-style:none\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Verified public records.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Published research.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>City reported data that can be used for location or program history but not as a definitive crash count.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"display:flex;gap:.7rem;align-items:flex-start;color:var(--text-2);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6\"><span style=\"flex:none;width:3px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--gold);border-radius:2px\"><\/span><span>Findings generated from the CRIS analysis.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">We would rather publish fewer statistics than publish a statistic we cannot support.<\/div>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"sources\" aria-labelledby=\"sources-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">10<\/span>Sources<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"sources-title\">Primary Sources and Research <span class=\"accent\">Used in This Project<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>This project cites primary publications only. Read them yourself:<\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"press-note\">Texas sources:<\/div>\r\n            <ul class=\"press-row\" role=\"list\">\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.txdot.gov\/safety\/traffic-signs-signals\/red-light-cameras.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the TxDOT red light cameras page\">TxDOT: Red Light Cameras <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.txdot.gov\/safety\/traffic-signs-signals\/red-light-cameras\/annual-reports.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the TxDOT red light camera annual reports index\">TxDOT Red Light Camera Annual Reports <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.txdot.gov\/content\/dam\/docs\/division\/trf\/red-light\/2025\/leon-valley.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the Leon Valley 2025 red light camera report (PDF)\">Leon Valley Form 2322 (2025) <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/capitol.texas.gov\/BillLookup\/History.aspx?LegSess=86R&#038;Bill=HB1631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the HB 1631 bill history at the Texas Legislature\">HB 1631 Bill Record <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/hro.house.texas.gov\/pdf\/ba86r\/hb1631.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the House Research Organization analysis of HB 1631 (PDF)\">HB 1631 House Research Analysis <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/cris.dot.state.tx.us\/public\/Query\/app\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the TxDOT Crash Records Information System public query\">TxDOT Crash Records Information System <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n            <div class=\"press-note\">National and academic sources:<\/div>\r\n            <ul class=\"press-row\" role=\"list\">\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justinpgallagher.com\/pdfs\/Gallagher-and-Fisher.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the Gallagher and Fisher Houston camera study (PDF)\">Gallagher and Fisher (2020) <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28882258\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the Ko and Wunderlich Houston deactivation study on PubMed\">Ko and Wunderlich (2017) <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/research-areas\/red-light-running\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the IIHS red light running research page\">IIHS Research on Red Light Running <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/publications\/research\/safety\/05048\/05048.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the FHWA safety evaluation of red light cameras (PDF)\">FHWA Red Light Camera Safety Evaluation <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n              <li><a href=\"https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/813403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open the NHTSA economic impact of crashes report (PDF)\">NHTSA Crash Cost Study (DOT HS 813 403) <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:1rem 0 0\">The Texas A&amp;M Transportation Institute&#39;s statewide camera evaluations, including the 2012 Empirical Bayes study of 254 intersections by Ko, Geedipally, and Walden, are cited by name; the relevant TxDOT archive location restricts automated access. Revenue figures attributed to the Texas Comptroller are reported through KERA News.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n          <section id=\"about\" aria-labelledby=\"about-title\">\r\n            <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"num\">11<\/span>About This Project<\/span>\r\n            <h2 id=\"about-title\">Public Interest <span class=\"accent\">Traffic Safety Research<\/span><\/h2>\r\n            <p>This research project was prepared by J. Alexander Law Firm as public interest traffic safety research.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The page relies on aggregate, anonymized public information and published research. It does not identify crash victims, drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or other individuals. It does not use crash data to contact any person.<\/p>\r\n            <p>This material is provided for educational purposes only. It is not legal advice.<\/p>\r\n            <p>The project was reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/about-us\/josh-alexander\/\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">Josh Alexander<\/a>, founder and managing attorney of J. Alexander Law Firm.<\/p>\r\n            <p>Related research: <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-after-school-crash-window\/\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">The Texas After School Crash Window<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/most-dangerous-intersections-in-texas\/\" style=\"color:var(--gold)\">The Most Dangerous Intersections in Texas<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"background:rgba(243,185,55,.08);border:1px solid rgba(243,185,55,.35);border-radius:6px;padding:1rem 1.2rem;color:var(--text);font-weight:600;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.65;margin:1.2rem 0\">Suggested citation: J. Alexander Law Firm, The Texas Red Light Camera Shutdown (2026), severeinjurylawyers.com\/tools\/texas-red-light-camera-study. Tables and data summaries on this page may be republished with attribution and a link to this study.<\/div><p style=\"font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:1rem 0 0\">Published September 22, 2026. This page presents the pre registered research design before completion of the CRIS analysis; final findings will be published with the underlying dataset. Media and research inquiries: use the firm contact page.<\/p>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"cta-band\" id=\"contact\" aria-labelledby=\"contact-title\">\r\n    <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\"><span class=\"stripe\"><\/span><span class=\"num\">12<\/span>Free Consultation<\/span>\r\n      <h2 id=\"contact-title\">If a crash changed <br><span class=\"accent\">your family&#39;s life.<\/span><\/h2>\r\n      <p>Speak with the J. Alexander Law Firm team 24 hours a day, seven days a week, anywhere in Texas. No fee unless the firm recovers compensation for you.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"ctas\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/severeinjurylawyers.com\/contact-us\/\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Free Case Evaluation <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"tel:+14698077480\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\">(469) 807-7480<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  var root = document.querySelector(\".jalex-study\");\r\n  if (!root) { return; }\r\n  var side = root.querySelector(\".bio-side\");\r\n  var nav = side ? side.querySelector(\"nav\") : null;\r\n  if (!nav) { return; }\r\n  var links = Array.prototype.slice.call(nav.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]'));\r\n  if (!links.length) { return; }\r\n  var ul = nav.querySelector(\"ul\");\r\n  var reduced = window.matchMedia(\"(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)\");\r\n  var narrow = window.matchMedia(\"(max-width: 980px)\");\r\n  var targets = [];\r\n  links.forEach(function (a) {\r\n    var el = document.getElementById(a.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1));\r\n    if (el) { targets.push({ el: el, link: a }); }\r\n  });\r\n  if (!targets.length) { return; }\r\n  var current = null;\r\n  function centerPill(a) {\r\n    if (!narrow.matches || !ul) { return; }\r\n    var box = side.getBoundingClientRect();\r\n    if (box.bottom < 0 || box.top > window.innerHeight) { return; }\r\n    var ulRect = ul.getBoundingClientRect();\r\n    var pRect = a.getBoundingClientRect();\r\n    var delta = (pRect.left + pRect.width \/ 2) - (ulRect.left + ulRect.width \/ 2);\r\n    if (ul.scrollBy) { ul.scrollBy({ left: delta, behavior: reduced.matches ? 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